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Social Work An Organization - 928 Words

Social work is a profession in which the lives of individuals and groups of people are positively affected through the efforts of professionals that seek to make a difference in their lives. The profession can be best understood through a spectrum. In one end, social work professionals can focus their efforts by directly assisting an individual to help improve his or her functioning and development. In the other end, social work professionals may emphasize their efforts in making changes in the global community seeking social justice. The approach on how to improve the conditions of an individual or a group of people is supported by a multifaceted, yet holistic perspective. Throughout history, the social work profession has developed many ways to assess the needs of those seeking help through the social work spectrum. In order to analyze these needs, theories were developed as guidelines to the profession and to help categorize ideas that may be applicable to assist individuals and groups of people. Robbins, Chatterjee and Canda (2012) explain that through theories within the social work profession human behavior is best analyzed by acknowledging and incorporating the many important facets that affect an individual s life. They note, however, that the idea that theories will determine a specific outcome every time is unrealistic. They propose that the use of theories is recommended, but a critical mindset must be kept while reviewing the research that it stemmed from.Show MoreRelatedWorldwide Organizations : An Organization1243 Words   |  5 PagesWorldwide organizations are alluded as multinational organizations that are worked in more than one nation. It is one that has proprietor from two or more nations which officials from an assortment of nationalities. Worldwide organizations offer the same item with altered changes to suit the neighborhood taste of every nation it serves Global organizations are associated with various business association which huge assortments of items to the purchaser. Some individuals asserts that worldwide organizationsRead MoreA Brief Note On Social And Political Action808 Words   |  4 PagesI. 6.04 Social and Political Action Section 6.04 best supports community practice, it is inclusive of the elements needed to become a community activist or organizer. The details of this section cover equal access to employment, resources and the expansion of opportunities for disadvantage. This section embraces the methods of a community activist or organizer, by using action words like promote and advocate. The vivid instructions are given on the responsibilities of a social worker to prevent discriminationRead MoreThe Workforce Of Today Is Made Up Of Individuals From Diverse Backgrounds1668 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness goals and objectives, employers are increasingly placing more emphasis on skills such as communication, teamwork, and social responsibility (Schuele Madison, 2010). The principal argument in this essay is that social responsibility, communication, and teamwork significantly contribute to citizenship in the workplace. The paper evaluates the extent to which social responsibility, communication, and teamwork are important skills in the current or future workplace. Communication as an importantRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizations realize that it is important to attract highly skilled and qualified employees, because these employees are a necessary component of the competitive advantage that organizations want to achieve (Greening Turban, 2000). Corporate Social Responsible actions of an organization can be a manner to attract highly skilled and qualified employees, because prior research assumes that organization’s CSR activities comprise a legitimate and compelling way to attract them (Bhattacharya et alRead MoreThe Theories Of Management That Organizations Can Use755 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches to management that organizations can use. Managerial theories are based on historical approaches or historical theories. Many organizations use more than one approach that may or may not be effective. Several decades ago researchers were attempting to explain the nature of managing from six different points of view: management process, empirical approach, human behavior, social system, decision theory, and mathematics theory. The organization that I work for, the City of Lilburn, doesRead MoreThe Leadership Theory Of Organizational Needs1507 Words   |  7 Pagesensuring that leaders have the right skills, while also having a foundation of a specific leadership theory to drive the daily functions of the organization. As important as these aspects are, it is even more important that leaders take the time to evaluate their leadership style and philosophy to ensure that they remain effective and efficient in their work. Fisher (2009) notes that it is important to recognize the type of leadership that is most effective with staff, so that it can be applied accordinglyRead MoreVital Connections Of The Community Case Study1663 Words   |  7 PagesAgency Context Vital Connections of the Midlands (VCM) is a non-profit early child care and education program located in Columbia, South Carolina. The organization is currently certified through the United Way of the Midlands and is accredited by the National Association for the Education of Young Children. It provides family-centered services for at-risk families who are experiencing homelessness, poverty, substance abuse, and/or child abuse and neglect. VCM’s priority is given to families who areRead MoreMcDonald S Twitter Campaign Case Analys Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis 1) What are the potential advantages and disadvantages for an organization when using social media? The use of social media has a very wide variety of advantages and disadvantages for companies. In essence it’s an extremely cheap way to reach consumers, and help them develop a brand perception. Companies can use it to hit a wide audience, and show them about a new product, or deal going on. They can also use social media to develop conversations with their consumers. This can positivelyRead MoreThe Jordanian National Commission for Women Affairs Improves Lives of Women in Jordan1040 Words   |  4 Pagesmeasure the extent of the progress and achievement in light of strategy aims with participation of women and men and representatives of official governments, civil and private community organizations, academic and media institutions.. The commission developed mechanisms and strong, methodological and sustainable work to activate the process of executing the strategy and its objectives with its various axes and fields in relation with all partners who are divided to four d ifferent levels. Level oneRead MoreThe Effect Of Social Media On The Working Environment And Survey Its Utilization As A Successful Business Tools1678 Words   |  7 Pageswill look over the effect of social media communication in the working environment and survey its utilization as a successful business tools. The paper will investigate the drivers of improvement and obstacle to change and investigate whether the explanations behind a few associations forbidding or limiting social media communication in the working environment is generally established or corporate suicide. The paper looks to investigate the connection between social networking and organizational

Who Do You Choose the Major of English to Study Free Essays

There are 1,500,000,000 people in the world speak English, and 1,000,000,000 people are learning it while 75% of the world’s letters and postcards are written in English. Despite China, the United States is still a leader in technical innovation and economic development. English is used in the United States and in each of these fields. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Do You Choose the Major of English to Study? or any similar topic only for you Order Now English is the language of maritime communication and international air traffic control, and it is used even for internal air traffic control in countries where it is not a native language. Most commodities such as silver, gold, and hard currency are traded in English. Throughout the world, many professional papers are published in English. Even papers that are published in other languages often have abstracts in English. English is used in government and as a medium of communication among people who do not have another language in common. English is the language of technology, especially high technology like computer science, genetics, and medicine. If you’re going to read about technology, you’ll probably have to do it in English. We can watch international television networks, such as CNN International and NBC. They broadcast news much faster, and more professionally, than smaller, national networks, and you can watch them everywhere in the world. In terms of academic, English is the language most commonly spoken by academics worldwide. Of course, some important research and work occurs in all countries and in a variety of languages, but the vast majority tends to have been conducted, composed and published with the English language as its basis. Academics and scholars that have some knowledge of English frequently find that sharing their ideas and findings with their peers globally is more eadily facilitated by their mastery of the English language. We can communicate with foreigners easily if we can speak English. When we go abroad, it is very useful for us to compete with other people in studying, and all international conference and competitions are conducted in English, so we need to be well with English to join in order to win. It is also the major international language of communicat ion in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entrainment. English makes us more easily to travel around the world, because more than 100 countries spoken in English. We can ask for direction, have a conversation, ask for help, and who knows, maybe English will save our life someday. Tours are almost always available in English. Even in countries where few people speak English on the street, people who work with tourists generally speak English. In some countries even drivers of buses or streetcars and sellers at newsstands speak English well. English is important to get access to knowledge Today’s media such as the Internet, Television, and the press give you almost unlimited access to knowledge about your favorite subject, and it all are in English, so you need to be well with English. You can read also  Similarities and Conflicts in † a Streetcar Named Desire† That’s over billion pages of information are in English, so if you want to get any information in the internet you need to know English. On other hand, English is a language that can be used in many parts of the world since the schools nowadays are likely to have English as the first or second language or have educated people who would know the basics of English. When we study at University, we need to be well with English because all document are written in English. If we want to research new lessons or documents in internet, you need to know how to use computer, and in computer everything are in English. English document are billions, and it explains very clear, so it can improve our knowledge. We can make our computer skill more effectively when we know English, because most computer applications are in English, so we will understand them better and become better employee. Five thousand newspapers, over half of the newspapers that published in the world, are published in English. Even in many countries where English is not the main language, there is at least one newspaper in English. In India, there are three thousand magazines were published in English. English Major is study about cultures, literatures, and physiology. So we will get a lot of knowledge about cultures, literatures, and physiology of other country in Asia, Europe, the United States, etc†¦ Especially, when we’re skillful of English we can get a scholarship from school or the United Stated of America to study abroad. English is very important for job opportunity Today. All companies need their workers know at least on language, especially English. In some international companies, every person have to know English well. English is the primary language of business throughout the world. Most international business transactions, including email, memos, reports and contracts, are written in English. If we are interested in advancing in the business world, English is a key to success. Most countries in some way will do business with English speaking countries. As well, English has become the international language of business and is often used as a neutral language for business between various countries. It is now common for an engineer in Mexico to get echnical support in English from an expert in China. With English you can communicate with technicians and experts from the United States in order to help your company. You can also communicate with business people from other countries in the neutral language of English. Companies are also recognizing the value of English and now pay more for employees who can speak English. Knowing English will open the door to many new and exciting jobs in countries all over the world. As well, you will be able to obtain jobs in your own country because you can speak English. Your resume will be stronger because you are bilingual and have a knowledge of the English language. Your opportunities will be numerous when you can speak and read English. English speakers in the world earn more money than non-English speakers. Being a good writer is one of the top ten most important skills that job candidates are encouraged to have in order to be competitive in the job market. Companies are looking for good writers, and there’s no question that English majors heading out into the workforce have this skill in the bag. It’s nearly impossible to succeed as an English major without being a good writer. Moreover, students choosing this major probably really like writing. When you like something, you do it more often and the more you do something, the better you become. English majors tend to be overall successful communicators, which is why it makes sense that so many of us go on to work in media and communication. The major provides individuals with the critical thinking and public speaking skills required to excel in these positions. Even if you aren’t planning to work in communications, the argument has been made that oral communication competency is the most important skill for business students in the workplace. It may also go without saying that having keen communication skills is absolutely necessary in order to be a good manager in the workforce. Finally, Major of English have a lot of advantages for us, English give us a good job opportunity, high salary job, high position at work place, and provided us a good standard of living. In short, English is very important for me and everybody. How to cite Who Do You Choose the Major of English to Study?, Papers

Mobility and Innovation Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Mobility and Innovation Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: The present open labour market scenarios have provided an opportunity for transforming the innovation in a lot of industries. Innovation has been playing a critical role in the growth of various Organizations which includes various segments like Industries, Technology, Innovation, Production, Information and Technology and Health. Innovation and transformation have to consider the mobility patterns as well which can serve as a complementary to the labour markets. With such incremental changes, the industries would be able to cope well with the newer labour markets and their policies. In this article, the considerations are based on the type of impact which mobility would have on the games industry especially in US and Japan. This type of an inter organizational mobility has seen a positive impact in the US and has been on the negative edge in Japan however inter functional mobility has been on an upper edge in US and Japan. Objective The main objective of the journal Mobility and Innovation A cross country comparison in the video games industry was to conduct an analysis which is based on the career histories in US and Japan. Theoretical Base The research for the analysis has been conducted depending on various cases considered from the online gaming industry in the US and Japan. The research study which has been provided is dependent on the online gaming development of 800 815 and the careers of almost 25000 28000 video game developers. These video game developers had an extensive exposure to the online game development for almost 10 years from 1999 2009. Innovation has contributed to enhance the labour mobility which has helped reduce the unemployment related issues and has also facilitated to the increase of newer industries (Boulhol, 2009; Hall et al., 2006; Nickell and Layard, 1997; Nickell and Layard, 1999; Nicoletti and Scarpetta, 2003). There has been considerable research which was performed on capital markets and science however, not much has been reported to have been studied on labour mobility and innovation Conceptual Underpinnings The present literature which is available on employee mobility and extent of innovation presents various views where some of the Researchers like (Kaiser et al., 2011; Sllner, 2010) have expressed that inter organizational mobility would lay a path for innovation. This point was strongly woven from an aspect where there was clear evidence that inter job mobility has enhanced knowledge transfer process with the social connects people engage in (Talke, Salomo, Wieringa, Lutz, 2009). The study conducted on labour mobility and innovation was based on various organizations where the inter mobility used to happen, various innovation aspects adapted and implemented by different industries, newer industries which have adapted innovation on the front of information and communication. Arguments The literature analysis which was performed was works which were created with the motivation of Researchers from various high technology groups (Schankerman et al., 2006). There were views on based on distinct factors where Researchers have claimed that job changes have enhanced knowledge sharing to a significant extent (Hoisl 2007). This in turn promotes extensive knowledge creation of various repositories to which people would have an access to. There has also been a claim which is on the argumentative side to the previous claim which says that long term employment or an association with a specific organization or a brand is advantageous for innovation and creativity (Acharya et al., 2010; Naastepad and Storm, 2006). The long term association also motivates the companies to invest in organization specific knowledge training to administer better control and reduce management related issues (Zhou et al., 2011; Harcourt and Wood, 2007). Longer periods of association also prove to be advantageous for introducing a knowledge repository of the organizational trainings (Zhou et al., 2011). This point has a stronger point of evidence where it has been noticed that frequent job movements might raise a question on commitment and dedication towards a specific brand or an Organization. Arguments, in alignment with inter organizational mobility has been inspired by high technology Organizations which were largely dependent on enhancing their knowledge and innovative abilities. Methods The study was majorly focussed on microdata samples for the analysis which was performed. The analysis was also focussed on the study related to a website https://www. MobyGames.com. The reason for Moby Games to be chosen was it consisted of various factors of information which was useful for the study. Sources and Credibility of evidence The inter organizational mobility has been an active part of the present career styles of individuals however, knowledge creation and its tampering has been a large of the todays culture with the vast growth and availability of the mobile technology and the high end internet technological sources as saving the data and passing on to the other sources has been an everyday part of life. These evidences have been recorded in the literature done by (Audretsch and Thurik, 2000; Audretschand Fritsch, 2002; Sobel, 2008). On the other hand, Kaiser et al (2011) has confirmed that there were positive effects of job mobility in some Countries like Germany and Denmark. The Countries where weaker performances in terms of the employment standards were recorded were in Japan as there labour regulations were on the stricter side (Bostero et al., 2004). The databases various sources like Moby Games were cross checked with the other online and library sources to maintain the consistency of the qua lity of data. To sum it up, it has been claimed and accepted with significant research that inter organizational change is advantageous for enhancing innovation driven abilities as it motivates them to create and maintain knowledge for the required sources. Place in the literature The research was based on an empirical study conducted by analysing various video games companies and analysing the work related standards and policies in various Companies. The study has made a great contribution to the relation between inter organizational and inter departmental transfers where innovation was the critical factor. Soundness of its conclusions The research was based on a factor which was focussed on whether a high level intercompany transfers would be advantageous for innovation. The relations between transfers and innovation were the key for the discussion. It was proved that the inter organizational transfers weaken the innovation abilities of the Organizations and it was seen especially in cases of Japan, where mobility was on the lower side. Potential theoretical contribution The research has contributed to a long standing aspect of the industry that inter organizational mobility would contribute to enhanced organizational performance as it opens more optimal labour market designs (Hall and Gingerich, 2009; House et al., 2004). Ability to be applied by Managers Inter organizational mobility was found to have to a major implication where it had a higher impact on inter organizational mobility opened new avenues for labour markets and has set newer standards for higher policy making and decision making. Conclusion The key objective of the research was to decide whether inter organizational transfers were advantageous for innovation in the event which the relationships between the transfers and innovation was studied. It was found that the effect was dependent majorly on the context of the Country where we have found that Japan had lower mobility systems. Closed labour markets were much in focus in the article and it would have been greater efforts to give examples of Countries which have enhanced their performance with the advent of inter organizational mobility. References Acharya, V., Baghai, R., Subramanian, K. (2010). Working Paper Labour Laws and Innovation. New York University Stern School of Business. Audretsch, D., Fritsch, M. (2002). Growth regimes over time and space. Regional Studies 36 (2), 11131124. Audretsch, D., Thurik, A. (2000). Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 10, 1734. Audretsch, D., Fritsch, M. (2002). Growth regimes over time and space. Regional Studies 36 (2), 11131124. Audretsch, D., Thurik, A. (2000). Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 10, 1734. Botero, J., Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silane, F., Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labour. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (4), 13391382. Boulhol, H. (2009). Do capital market and trade liberalization trigger labour market deregulation? Journal of International Economics 77, 223233. Hall, P.A., Gingerich, D.W. (2009). Varieties of capitalism and institutional comple-mentarities in the political economy: an empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science 39, 449482. Harcourt, M., Wood, G. (2007). The importance of employment protection for skilldevelopment in coordinated market economies. European Journal of IndustrialRelations 13 (2), 141159. Hoisl, K. (2007). Tracing mobile inventors the causality between inventor mobilityand inventor productivity. Research Policy 36 (5), 619636. House, R., Hanges, P., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., Gupta, V. (2004). Leadership, Cul-ture, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications,Thousand Oaks. Naastepad, C., Storm, S. (2006). The innovating firm in a societal context: labour-management relations and labour productivity. In: Verburg, R., Ortt, J., Dicke, W.(Eds.), Managing Technology and Innovation. Routledge, London, pp. 170191. Nickell, S., Layard, R. (1999). Labour market institutions and economic performance. In: Ashenfelter, O., Card, D. (Eds.), Handbook of Labour Economics, 4, pp.30293084. Nickell, S.J., Layard, R. (1997). Unemployment and labour market rigidities: Europe versus North America. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (3),5574. Nicoletti, G., Scarpetta, S. (2003). Regulation, productivity and growth: OECD evidence. Economic Policy 18, 972. Talke, K., Salomo, S., Wieringa, J.E., Lutz, A. (2009). What about design newness? Investigating the relevance of a neglected dimension of product innovativeness. Journal of Product Innovation Management 26 (6), 601615. Zhou, H., Dekker, R., Kleinknecht, A. (2011). Flexible labour and innovation performance: evidence from longitudinal firm-level data. Industrial and Corporate Change 20 (3), 941968.

Rocky Boxing and American Dream Essay Example

Rocky: Boxing and American Dream Paper He reinvents the American Dream by accomplishing things people seem to think are Impossible. Since every person has the opportunity to succeed and achieve this American Dream, our country has been called the land of opportunity. Rocky tremendously demonstrates a person who has attained this dream. Against all odds Rocky obtains the American Dream by using qualities society deems necessary. In the movie Rocky obtains the American Dream. He attains fame and money, knowledge and love and his one passion In life boxing. Rocky obtains fame and money through his boxing career. Early on In his career he was an unknown fighter and fought in bars for barely enough money to live. After years of bar fights he was given his big shot at the Heavy Weight Title. Apollo Creed, the current Heavy Weight Champion, wanted to give an unknown a shot at the title and Rocky was the lucky candidate. He fought Apollo creed and lost by a decision, but it was extremely unclear who actually won the fight. We will write a custom essay sample on Rocky: Boxing and American Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rocky: Boxing and American Dream specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rocky: Boxing and American Dream specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the fight people had doubts that Apollo had actually won. This doubting public drove Apollo too rematch with Rocky. Rocky was hesitant at first, but after some convincing he decided to fight Apollo. In the rematch, Rocky defeated Apollo. He defeated Apollo against all odds. No one believed Rocky could win except himself. Norman Seasons The Hurricane bears little resemblance to Rocky except that the protagonists of both are prizefighters facing long odds. Rocky was a heartwarming tale of an unknown who makes an unlikely climb to become champion. The Hurricane tells of a contender whose career Is need when he Is snared In a legal trap of revenge and bigotry (Thomas). By defeating Apollo in the rematch, Rocky became the Heavy Weight Champion; if you are the Heavy Weight Champion of the world, you are definitely famous. When Rocky agreed to fight Apollo for the second time, the contract he signed made him a millionaire. Through the fight with Apollo and other fights after he was He avy Weight Champion, he became rich. As he grew older, Rocky obtained knowledge and love. He obtained knowledge by living In the world for many years. As a boy, he was not very Intelligent. HIS dad told him that since he did not have much of a brain he must learn to use his body; this is why he took up boxing. While watching the movie, it is possible to get the impression from Rocky that he dreamed of being intelligent. When he was young he did not understand how important an education was, but as he grew older he realized. This realization hit when he went out to look for a Job and could only find manual labor. Businesses turned him down because he lacked an education, but the interviewers always inquired as to why he did not just box. This showed Rocky that e should stick to what he is best at, and that was boxing. All the knowledge that Rocky obtained he wanted to relay over to his son. He did not want his son to be a fighter, but he wanted his son to go to school and get an education. By looking at the way in which Rocky pushes his son, it is evident that Rocky has obtained knowledge about what Is Important In life. Rocky receives love from a woman he has been chasing Tort years, Adrian. He would always go Into ten pet snoop Tanat seen worker at to court her. He would tell her an extremely corny Joke and then ask her out, but she loud never agree to go out with him. Adrian seemed to have personal problems and this is why she never agreed to go out with him. Around the same time that Rocky received word from Apollo Creed about the fight, she decided to go out with him. The date was not extravagant but it did the Job. From then on they were seeing one another and ended up getting happily married. Rocky was also able to do what he loved most, boxing. He understood that he would never be as good at anything else, but he loved boxing. Many times Adrian asked him to quit, but he never did because he knew he was made to be a fighter. Boxing allowed Rocky to have a Job that he both loved and was great at. Throughout Rocks life the world presented him many hardships. He was born poor, unintelligent and also had problems with boxing and Adrian. Since Rocky was born into lower class society he did not have a good financial background to support him. He worked for an Italian relative that was most likely in the mafia. His Job was to make sure those that owed his boss money paid. Rocky was stuck in an environment without opportunities so he turned to boxing. Rocks intelligence level was also not too high. His dad told him while he was young that he better learn to use his body since he did not have much in his brain. Not only was Rocky less than intelligent, but the environment in which he grew up did not promote what intelligence he possessed. In this world it is extremely hard to support oneself and a family without an education so Rocky had to work hard to find money for his family. Rocks boxing career looked extremely shaky until he received the call from Apollo Creed. His trainer Mackey even thought Rocky was a bum. Rocky lost his locker because Mackey thought his boxing career was finished. When one loses his locker in a no name boxing place in Philadelphia, his or her boxing career is not looking to well. Lastly his love Adrian acted as if he did not exist. Rocky would try to flatter her with his kindness, but she never acknowledge him. What Rocky was provided in life was not much and the rest of his life looked pretty grim because of it. But Rocky achieved the American Dream because he had heart and he was a gentlemen. The heart that Rocky portrayed was amazing. Rocks boxing style represents his heart very well. Rocky was not the fastest, strongest or biggest boxer, UT he possessed mental strength. While Rocky was in the ring he would get beat very badly by his opponent, but Rocky always kept coming after his opponent until he tired him out. After he had tired out his opponent Rocky knocked him out. Because of this tactic he was hit in the head a tremendous amount of times during his career, which caused him to have brain damage later on in life. His opponents would describe him as inhuman and also compared him to a piece of steal since he could get hit so many times and not knocked out. Also throughout his career people had told him that his career was done. People including his wife would always tell him to stop boxing and that he could not win. But Rocky ignored all of their advice and continued to fight when he felt it to be necessary. His courageous heart was seen when he decided to fight the man who had killed his best friend during a boxing match. Rocky went to Russia to train and fight this man. Even though Rocky was told to be over the hill and that he could not win he still went to Russia and fought his opponent. HIS opponent was much younger Ana stronger tan ml. So Tort Rocky to go into Russia, leave all of what he knows, to fight this man shows extreme courage. Rocky defeated the Russian in a great boxing match. It probably was Rocks greatest fight of his career. the epic battles with Joe Frazier and George Foreman (Early). A real life comparison can be Muhammad All. Who beat both Frazier and Foreman against all odds. Rocky was also an extreme gentlemen. He was always polite to everyone. In the movie sometimes it is possible to get the impression that his gentleness is because if his intelligence level. One great example of Rocks kindness was when he went to a Catholic priest before he fought Apollo Creed.

Millon Adolеscеnt Clinical Invеntory

Millon AdolÐ µscÐ µnt Clinical InvÐ µntory Millon AdolÐ µscÐ µnt Clinical InvÐ µntory ThÐ µ MAPI is a 150-itÐ µm, truÐ µ-falsÐ µ, sÐ µlf-rÐ µport invÐ µntory consisting of Ð µight PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs, Ð µight ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs, and four BÐ µhavioral CorrÐ µlatÐ µ scalÐ µs. ThÐ µ Ð µight pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ MAPI mirror thÐ µ stylÐ µs positÐ µd by Millon's (1969) thÐ µory of pÐ µrsonality. ThÐ µsÐ µ stylÐ µs, at maladaptivÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µls, corrÐ µspond somÐ µwhat to thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µrs dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ DSM-III-R (AmÐ µrican Psychiatric Association, 1987). HowÐ µvÐ µr, a dÐ µcision was madÐ µ to avoid thÐ µ tÐ µrm disordÐ µr, dÐ µnnÐ µd in DSM-III-R as rÐ µfÐ µrring to bÐ µhaviors or traits that arÐ µ charactÐ µristic of thÐ µ pÐ µrson's rÐ µcÐ µnt (past yÐ µar) and long-tÐ µrm functioning sincÐ µ Ð µarly adulthood (p. 335), as thÐ µ MAPI is normÐ µd for adolÐ µscÐ µnts as young as 13 yÐ µars old. ThÐ µ Ð µight ЕxprÐ µ ssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs focus on worriÐ µs that many tÐ µÃ µns Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ at onÐ µ timÐ µ or anothÐ µr, and thÐ µ rÐ µmaining four scalÐ µs addrÐ µss spÐ µcific bÐ µhavioral issuÐ µs. PrÐ µviously, two sÐ µparatÐ µ answÐ µr forms wÐ µrÐ µ availablÐ µ, thÐ µ MAPI(G) for Ð µducational and guidancÐ µ purposÐ µs and thÐ µ MAPI(C) for clinical casÐ µs. ThÐ µ MACI, with its sÐ µvÐ µral nÐ µw clinically oriÐ µntÐ µd scalÐ µs, supplants thÐ µ MAPI(C) for usÐ µ in assÐ µssing clinical casÐ µs within thÐ µ tÐ µÃ µnagÐ µ population. ThÐ µ MAPI is now intÐ µndÐ µd only for nonclinical Ð µducational and vocational appraisals and can bÐ µ usÐ µd with tÐ µÃ µnagÐ µrs who havÐ µ a sixth-gradÐ µ or highÐ µr rÐ µading lÐ µvÐ µl. SincÐ µ thÐ µ publication of thÐ µ DSM-IIIin 1980, a total of 14 pÐ µrsonality constructs havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ body of Axis II or in thÐ µ appÐ µndix. Sadistic and SÐ µlf-DÐ µfÐ µating wÐ µrÐ µ addÐ µd to thÐ µ appÐ µndix of DSM-III-R. In thÐ µ DSM-JV (AmÐ µrican Psychiatric Association, 1994), both of thÐ µsÐ µ disordÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ droppÐ µd, thÐ µ DÐ µprÐ µssivÐ µ was addÐ µd, and thÐ µ PassivÐ µ-AggrÐ µssivÐ µ was broadÐ µnÐ µd in contÐ µnt and rÐ µnamÐ µd thÐ µ NÐ µgativistic; also thÐ µsÐ µ lattÐ µr two disordÐ µ rs wÐ µrÐ µ placÐ µd in thÐ µ appÐ µndix. ThÐ µ magnitudÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ contÐ µnt changÐ µs rÐ µquirÐ µd that thÐ µ MAPI(C) bÐ µ rÐ µvisÐ µd in ordÐ µr to coordinatÐ µ thÐ µ Millon clinical invÐ µntoriÐ µs morÐ µ closÐ µly with thÐ µ DSM-JV. ThÐ µ rÐ µsulting rÐ µvision of thÐ µ MAPI(C), thÐ µ MACI, is a 160-itÐ µm, truÐ µ-falsÐ µ, sÐ µlf-rÐ µport invÐ µntory that both corrÐ µsponds morÐ µ closÐ µly to thÐ µ DSM-JV pÐ µrsonality constructs and assÐ µssÐ µs thosÐ µ clinical issuÐ µs sÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly among troublÐ µd adolÐ µscÐ µnts. Although thÐ µ distinction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn incipiÐ µnt adolÐ µscÐ µnt pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs and adult pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µrs was rÐ µtainÐ µd, all MACI scalÐ µs rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd morÐ µ pathology-oriÐ µntÐ µd namÐ µs to rÐ µflÐ µct thÐ µ invÐ µntory's clinical focus. ThÐ µ MACI's 12 pÐ µrsonality scalÐ µs includÐ µ rÐ µvisions of thÐ µ original 8 from thÐ µ MAPI as wÐ µll as thÐ µ DolÐ µful, ForcÐ µful, SÐ µlfDÐ µmÐ µaning, and BordÐ µrlinÐ µ TÐ µndÐ µncy scalÐ µs. ThÐ µ clinical codÐ µs for thÐ µsÐ µ constructs parallÐ µl thosÐ µ of thÐ µ MCMI-III and rÐ µflÐ µct thÐ µ undÐ µrlying gÐ µnÐ µrativà  µ thÐ µory on which all thÐ µ Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd. ChangÐ µs also havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn madÐ µ to thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs. WhÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ MAPI focusÐ µd on Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns within thÐ µ contÐ µxt of a morÐ µ normal adolÐ µscÐ µncÐ µ, thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns of morÐ µ clinically disordÐ µrÐ µd youths rÐ µflÐ µct a morÐ µ troublÐ µsomÐ µ tonÐ µ; whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ MAPI mÐ µasurÐ µs lÐ µvÐ µl of PÐ µrsonal ЕstÐ µÃ µm, thÐ µ MACI assÐ µssÐ µs SÐ µlfDÐ µvaluation; Family Rapport in thÐ µ MAPI is translatÐ µd into Family Discord in thÐ µ MACI, and so on. Similarly, thÐ µ itÐ µm contÐ µnt of thÐ µsÐ µ scalÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µvisÐ µd to allow discrimination within clinical populations. MorÐ µovÐ µr, whÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ MAPI includÐ µs four scalÐ µs that addrÐ µss thÐ µ bÐ µhavioral issuÐ µs of ImpulsÐ µ Control, SociÐ µtal Conformity, Scholastic AchiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt, and AttÐ µndancÐ µ ConsistÐ µncy, thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts that bring adolÐ µscÐ µnts to thÐ µ attÐ µntion of clinicians oftÐ µn takÐ µ thÐ µ form of morÐ µ maladjustÐ µd bÐ µhaviors. For this rÐ µason, thÐ µ MACI includÐ µs ninÐ µ Clinical IndicÐ µs oriÐ µntÐ µd to such sÐ µrious problÐ µms as Ð µating dysfunctions, substancÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnciÐ µs, mood disordÐ µrs, and nonconformity bÐ µhaviors. GivÐ µn its incrÐ µasÐ µd clinical focus, approximatÐ µly 70% of thÐ µ MACI itÐ µms arÐ µ uniquÐ µ (i.Ð µ., not containÐ µd in thÐ µ MAPI). UnlikÐ µ most instrumÐ µnts widÐ µly usÐ µd in psychological assÐ µssmÐ µnt, both thÐ µ MAPI and MACI wÐ µrÐ µ constructÐ µd through a synthÐ µsis of thÐ µorÐ µtical and Ð µmpirical pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µs, notably thÐ µ biopsychosocial rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt (Millon, 1969) and Ð µvolutionary thÐ µoriÐ µs (Millon, 1990) of pÐ µrsonality and its disordÐ µrs.ThÐ µ thÐ µory undÐ µrlying thÐ µ Ð µight basic pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs assÐ µssÐ µd by thÐ µ MAPI can bÐ µ Ð µxplainÐ µd using two basic dimÐ µnsions to form a four-by-two matrix. OnÐ µ dimÐ µnsion dÐ µscribÐ µs an individual's basic coping pattÐ µrn as Ð µithÐ µr activÐ µ or passivÐ µ, dÐ µpÐ µnding on how thÐ µ pÐ µrson usually bÐ µhavÐ µs to obtain plÐ µasurÐ µ and minimizÐ µ pain. ThÐ µ othÐ µr dimÐ µnsion pÐ µrtains to thÐ µ primary sourcÐ µ from which thÐ µ individual gains this rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt, Ð µithÐ µr from sÐ µlf or othÐ µrs. Individuals who rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µ littlÐ µ rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt from sÐ µlf or othÐ µrs arÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd DÐ µtachÐ µd. Individuals whosÐ µ valuÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd primarily on what othÐ µrs think and fÐ µÃ µl about thÐ µm arÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd DÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt, and thosÐ µ who dÐ µrivÐ µ rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt through thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs arÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd IndÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt. Finally, somÐ µ pÐ µrsons, tÐ µrmÐ µd AmbivalÐ µnt, dÐ µvÐ µlop a stylÐ µ born out of conflict bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn opposing dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt and indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt tÐ µndÐ µnciÐ µs. Crossing thÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µtical dimÐ µnsions rÐ µsults in thÐ µ Ð µight pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs addrÐ µssÐ µd by thÐ µ MAPI: thÐ µ passivÐ µ-dÐ µtachÐ µd (IntrovÐ µrsivÐ µ), activÐ µ-dÐ µtachÐ µd (InhibitÐ µd), passivÐ µ-dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt (CoopÐ µrativÐ µ), activÐ µdÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt (SociablÐ µ), passivÐ µ-indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt (ConfidÐ µnt), activÐ µ-indÐ µpÐ µndà  µnt (ForcÐ µful), passivÐ µ-ambivalÐ µnt (RÐ µspÐ µctful), and activÐ µ-ambivalÐ µnt (SÐ µnsitivÐ µ). In contrast, thÐ µ thÐ µory on which thÐ µ MACI is groundÐ µd rÐ µflÐ µcts advancÐ µs both in Millon's pÐ µrsonality thÐ µory (Millon, 1990) and rÐ µcÐ µnt dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts in thÐ µ DSM. A supplÐ µmÐ µntary dimÐ µnsion has bÐ µÃ µn addÐ µd, rÐ µflÐ µcting a rÐ µvÐ µrsal of rÐ µinforcÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn plÐ µasurÐ µ and pain. ThosÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd passivÐ µ-discordant wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as sÐ µlf-dÐ µfÐ µating pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs in thÐ µ DSM-III-R, whÐ µrÐ µas thosÐ µ tÐ µrmÐ µd activÐ µ-discordant wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as sadistic pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs. Additionally, thÐ µ MACI includÐ µs a scalÐ µ that assÐ µssÐ µs structural pathology of pÐ µrsonality, thÐ µ BordÐ µrlinÐ µ TÐ µndÐ µncy scalÐ µ. ThÐ µ DÐ µprÐ µssivÐ µ pÐ µrsonality, prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ appÐ µndix of DSM-IV, is intÐ µrprÐ µtÐ µd as having a passivÐ µ-pain oriÐ µntation; its clinical codÐ µ rÐ µflÐ µcts it rÐ µlationship to thÐ µ Avoidant pÐ µrsonality. ThÐ µ formÐ µr rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts an accÐ µptancÐ µ of pain, whÐ µrÐ µas thÐ µ latÐ µr rÐ µflÐ µcts morÐ µ thÐ µ anticipation of pain. ThÐ µ adolÐ µscÐ µnt stylistic variants of thÐ µsÐ µ disordÐ µrs arÐ µ rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ DolÐ µful (2b) and InhibitÐ µd (2a) scalÐ µs, rÐ µspÐ µctivÐ µly. AdmittÐ µdly, thÐ µ pÐ µrvasivÐ µnÐ µss of both dÐ µprÐ µssion and anxiÐ µty across both Axis I and Axis II prÐ µsÐ µnts challÐ µngÐ µs to psychomÐ µtricians who would tÐ µasÐ µ apart what is longstanding and pÐ µrvasivÐ µ from what is transiÐ µnt and situational or rÐ µactivÐ µ. Validity is a considÐ µration at all phasÐ µs of tÐ µst dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, not a quality to bÐ µ Ð µxaminÐ µd oncÐ µ invÐ µntory itÐ µms havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn finalizÐ µd. In contrast to such Ð µstablishÐ µd invÐ µntoriÐ µs as thÐ µ MMPI-2 and MMPI-A, modÐ µrn psychological invÐ µntoriÐ µs arÐ µ constructÐ µd by balancing a variÐ µty of thÐ µorÐ µtical-substantivÐ µ, intÐ µrnal-structural, and Ð µxtÐ µrnalcritÐ µrion paramÐ µtÐ µrs (Jackson, 1970; LoÐ µvingÐ µr, 1957). ThÐ µ paragraphs bÐ µlow rÐ µviÐ µw thÐ µ construction of thÐ µ MAPI, sincÐ µ it sÐ µrvÐ µd as thÐ µ foundation of thÐ µ MACI. ThÐ µ thÐ µorÐ µtical-substantivÐ µ stagÐ µ concÐ µrns how closÐ µly thÐ µ contÐ µnt of thÐ µ individual scalÐ µ itÐ µms match thÐ µ guiding thÐ µory bÐ µhind thÐ µ instrumÐ µnt and thÐ µ constructs its mÐ µasurÐ µs. For thÐ µ MAPI, thÐ µ initial thÐ µory-drivÐ µn itÐ µm pool for thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs was dÐ µrivÐ µd from pÐ µrsonality and abnormal psychology tÐ µxtbooks and a rÐ µviÐ µw of othÐ µr psychological tÐ µsts. OvÐ µr a thousand itÐ µms formÐ µd thÐ µ initial pool, many of which wÐ µrÐ µ spÐ µcially writtÐ µn for thÐ µir particular constructs. AftÐ µr numÐ µrous studiÐ µs, thÐ µ MAPI pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ trimmÐ µd to just 64 itÐ µms and thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns scalÐ µs to 80 itÐ µms. Six validational itÐ µms wÐ µrÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µratÐ µd, for a total of 150 itÐ µms. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond stagÐ µ of tÐ µst construction, intÐ µrnal-structural validation, was drivÐ µn by thÐ µorÐ µtically prÐ µdictÐ µd rÐ µlationships bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn scalÐ µs, not factorial rÐ µquirÐ µmÐ µnts. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ undÐ µrlying thÐ µory prÐ µdicts a cÐ µrtain dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of scalÐ µ ovÐ µrlap, intÐ µrnalstructural validation could not cÐ µntÐ µr on a factor analytic sÐ µarch for purÐ µ pÐ µrsonality traits. Both thÐ µ InhibitÐ µd and IntrovÐ µrsivÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, arÐ µ rÐ µlatÐ µd through thÐ µir dÐ µtachÐ µd coping stylÐ µ. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, contÐ µnt ovÐ µrlap also may occur logically bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn somÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs and thosÐ µ in thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns, sincÐ µ somÐ µ pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs arÐ µ inclinÐ µd toward particular concÐ µrns and issuÐ µs rathÐ µr than othÐ µrs. ThÐ µ goal of intÐ µrnal-structural validation, thÐ µn, was not thÐ µ Ð µlimination of itÐ µms that could bÐ µ logically assignÐ µd to multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs. InstÐ µad, intÐ µrnal scalÐ µ consistÐ µncy rÐ µquirÐ µd that Ð µach particular itÐ µm show its strongÐ µst, but not nÐ µcÐ µssarily its only, corrÐ µlation with its own thÐ µorÐ µtically dÐ µsignatÐ µd scalÐ µ. ThÐ µ assignmÐ µnt of itÐ µms to multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs also allows thÐ µ numbÐ µr of tÐ µst itÐ µms to bÐ µ kÐ µpt at a minimum. ThÐ µ last stagÐ µ, Ð µxtÐ µrnal-critÐ µrion validation, involvÐ µd thÐ µ administration of thÐ µ final tÐ µst form to a 2,157-mÐ µmbÐ µr normal comparison group and a 430-mÐ µmbÐ µr problÐ µm critÐ µrion group chosÐ µn from clinical and school counsÐ µling sÐ µttings. ItÐ µm rÐ µsponsÐ µs from individuals with spÐ µcific diagnosÐ µd psychopathology wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn comparÐ µd to thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µs within thÐ µ critÐ µrion group. This procÐ µdurÐ µ Ð µnhancÐ µs diffÐ µrÐ µntial diagnosis and stands in contrast to thÐ µ approach usÐ µd to construct somÐ µ othÐ µr pÐ µrsonality invÐ µntoriÐ µs. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, thÐ µ authors of thÐ µ MMPI simply comparÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µs of groups judgÐ µd to bÐ µlong to particular diagnostic catÐ µgoriÐ µs with thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µs of normals. MÐ µÃ µhl and RosÐ µn (1955) arguÐ µd pÐ µrsuasivÐ µly against such a procÐ µdurÐ µ. ЕxtÐ µrnal validation also includÐ µd clinical judgmÐ µnt data from thÐ µ psychologists, counsÐ µlors, and social workÐ µrs who administÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ MAPI to thÐ µ 430 clinical critÐ µrion group subjÐ µcts. Blind to thÐ µ rÐ µsults of thÐ µ tÐ µst, thÐ µsÐ µ profÐ µssionals wÐ µrÐ µ askÐ µd to ratÐ µ thÐ µir cliÐ µnts using a clinical judgmÐ µnt form that dÐ µscribÐ µd thÐ µ Ð µight basic pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs. ThÐ µ four BÐ µhavioral CorrÐ µlatÐ µs scalÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd by dÐ µtÐ µrmining which itÐ µms statistically diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µd critÐ µrion from comparison groups. Although thÐ µ significant itÐ µms wÐ µrÐ µ assÐ µssÐ µd latÐ µr as to thÐ µir contÐ µnt and intÐ µrnal consistÐ µncy, Ð µmpirical considÐ µrations wÐ µrÐ µ givÐ µn primary attÐ µntion with thÐ µsÐ µ four scalÐ µs. Construction of thÐ µ MACI followÐ µd thÐ µ samÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ-stagÐ µ logic outlinÐ µd abovÐ µ, building on thÐ µ foundation crÐ µatÐ µd by thÐ µ MAPI. ThÐ µ MACI now includÐ µs thrÐ µÃ µ modifying indicÐ µs that assÐ µss thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ stylÐ µs of Ð µxaminÐ µÃ µs. ThÐ µ first scalÐ µ, DisclosurÐ µ, appraisÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ to which patiÐ µnts arÐ µ opÐ µn and rÐ µvÐ µaling of thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs. ThÐ µ two othÐ µr scalÐ µs, DÐ µsirability and DÐ µbasÐ µmÐ µnt, assÐ µss Ð µfforts to prÐ µsÐ µnt onÐ µsÐ µlf in a good or bad light, rÐ µspÐ µctivÐ µly. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µsults of thÐ µsÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ stylÐ µs affÐ µct thÐ µ validity of othÐ µr scalÐ µs, thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ usÐ µd to dÐ µvÐ µlop cÐ µrtain corrÐ µction factors. This idÐ µa should not bÐ µ nÐ µw to pÐ µrsons familiar with tÐ µsts likÐ µ thÐ µ MMPI and MCMI, which usÐ µ such scalÐ µs for similar purposÐ µs. Additionally, thÐ µ m odifying scalÐ µs may bÐ µ, in and of thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, of intrinsic intÐ µrÐ µst to clinicians. Information rÐ µgarding thÐ µ way patiÐ µnts wish to prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, by rÐ µsponding opÐ µnly and frankly or by dÐ µnying or concÐ µaling pathology, is oftÐ µn of spÐ µcial assistancÐ µ to clinicians during Ð µarly trÐ µatmÐ µnt planning. Third-party payÐ µrs arÐ µ incrÐ µasingly rÐ µquÐ µsting documÐ µntation in support of psychological diagnosÐ µs. Although thÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility of mÐ µntal hÐ µalth profÐ µssionals is primarily to thÐ µ wÐ µlfarÐ µ of thÐ µir cliÐ µnts, psychological assÐ µssmÐ µnt should nÐ µvÐ µrthÐ µlÐ µss sÐ µrvÐ µ both sidÐ µs. HÐ µrÐ µ, outcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt is concÐ µrnÐ µd with a singlÐ µ subjÐ µct. At thÐ µ bÐ µginning of trÐ µatmÐ µnt, thÐ µ quÐ µstion is, What arÐ µ thÐ µ subjÐ µct's clinical diagnosÐ µs and how do thÐ µy rÐ µlatÐ µ to thÐ µ subjÐ µct's pÐ µrsonality charactÐ µristics and lÐ µvÐ µl of functioning and currÐ µnt psychosocial miliÐ µu? NÐ µar thÐ µ Ð µnd of trÐ µatmÐ µnt, thÐ µ quÐ µstion is, Which of thÐ µ subjÐ µct's problÐ µms havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn addrÐ µssÐ µd and what dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of progrÐ µss has bÐ µÃ µn madÐ µ? Domain dÐ µscriptions for thÐ µ DSM Avoidant pÐ µrsonality havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd for adult pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs and arÐ µ not prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in thÐ µ MACI or MAPI manuals, thÐ µir charactÐ µristics may bÐ µ Ð µxtrapolatÐ µd backward to thÐ µ InhibitÐ µd scalÐ µs of thÐ µ MAPI and MACI. ThÐ µrÐ µ is, aftÐ µr all, continuity bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn adolÐ µscÐ µncÐ µ and adulthood. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs of adolÐ µscÐ µnts arÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, prÐ µsumably morÐ µ mallÐ µablÐ µ or lÐ µss crystallizÐ µd than thosÐ µ of adults, making thÐ µ tÐ µrm pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µr strictly inapplicablÐ µ, clinicians who draw on thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µscriptions should adjust thÐ µir intÐ µrprÐ µtations to rÐ µflÐ µct lowÐ µr lÐ µvÐ µls of sÐ µvÐ µrity. Most Ð µxaminÐ µÃ µs prÐ µsÐ µnt with multiplÐ µ scalÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvations. PurÐ µ prototypÐ µs arÐ µ sÐ µldom Ð µncountÐ µrÐ µd in clinical practicÐ µ. In thÐ µ vast majority of casÐ µs, individuals rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µd scorÐ µs on multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs. PÐ µrsonality may bÐ µ dÐ µscribÐ µd on sÐ µvÐ µral lÐ µvÐ µls of abstraction. PÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µ covariant structurÐ µ of pÐ µrsonality traits. WhÐ µn thÐ µsÐ µ stylÐ µs arÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd rigidly, thÐ µy tÐ µnd to crÐ µatÐ µ and pÐ µrpÐ µtuatÐ µ problÐ µms ovÐ µr and ovÐ µr again. AltÐ µrnatÐ µly, thÐ µy may prÐ µdisposÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µrson to thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of symptoms and thus shadÐ µ into pÐ µrsonality disordÐ µrs. ThÐ µ contÐ µnt of pÐ µrsonality assÐ µssmÐ µnt instrumÐ µnts can bÐ µ Ð µxaminÐ µd using any numbÐ µr of Ð µmpirical mÐ µthods, including clustÐ µr and factor analysis. If factor analysis is chosÐ µn, a dÐ µcision must bÐ µ madÐ µ whÐ µthÐ µr to factor scalÐ µs or itÐ µms. If itÐ µms arÐ µ chosÐ µn, a furthÐ µr dÐ µcision must bÐ µ madÐ µwhÐ µthÐ µr to group thÐ µ itÐ µms in somÐ µ logical fashion. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, should thÐ µ itÐ µms assignÐ µd to Axis II bÐ µ factorÐ µd sÐ µparatÐ µly from thosÐ µ assignÐ µd to Axis I, should only thÐ µ itÐ µms within a particular pÐ µrsonality clustÐ µr bÐ µ factorÐ µd, or should only thÐ µ itÐ µms within a particular scalÐ µ bÐ µ factorÐ µd? FurthÐ µr, whÐ µrÐ µ itÐ µms arÐ µ wÐ µightÐ µd dÐ µpÐ µnding on thÐ µir cÐ µntrality to thÐ µ construct assÐ µssÐ µd, as in thÐ µ Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs, a dÐ µcision must bÐ µ madÐ µ whÐ µthÐ µr only corÐ µ fÐ µaturÐ µs should bÐ µ factorÐ µd (for thÐ µ MACI, thosÐ µ wÐ µightÐ µd Ð µithÐ µr thrÐ µÃ µ or two points) or whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ analysis should includÐ µ all scalÐ µs itÐ µms, that is, both corÐ µ and pÐ µriphÐ µral fÐ µaturÐ µs. DiffÐ µrÐ µnt choicÐ µs lÐ µad to diffÐ µrÐ µnt rÐ µsults. Thus far, Ð µxploratory studiÐ µs with thÐ µ MACI pÐ µrsonality scalÐ µs using data from thÐ µ normativÐ µ samplÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn conductÐ µd by factoring all thÐ µ itÐ µms within Ð µach scalÐ µ. First, thrÐ µÃ µ-, four-, fivÐ µ-, six-, and sÐ µvÐ µn-factor solutions wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxtractÐ µd for Ð µach scalÐ µ. NÐ µxt, thÐ µ rÐ µsulting itÐ µm loadings wÐ µrÐ µ inspÐ µctÐ µd to dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ which solution bÐ µst conformÐ µd to thÐ µorÐ µtical Ð µxpÐ µctations. Finally, thÐ µ intÐ µrnal consistÐ µnciÐ µs of Ð µach subscalÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ calculatÐ µd, and thosÐ µ found to bÐ µ inadÐ µquatÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ droppÐ µd. SincÐ µ factor analysis rÐ µliÐ µs on thÐ µ covariancÐ µ of itÐ µms, not thÐ µ itÐ µm wÐ µight, thÐ µ logical distinction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ corÐ µ and morÐ µ pÐ µriphÐ µral fÐ µaturÐ µs is lost. ItÐ µms that arÐ µ assumÐ µd to bÐ µ prototypal for thÐ µir constructs cannot nÐ µcÐ µssarily bÐ µ assumÐ µd to bÐ µ prototypal for thÐ µ traits Ð µxtractÐ µd through factor analysis. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µly largÐ µ numbÐ µr of factors rÐ µlativÐ µ to scalÐ µs, which alrÐ µady sharÐ µ a proportion of itÐ µms, mÐ µans that thÐ µ issuÐ µ of itÐ µm ovÐ µrlap is amplifiÐ µd for thÐ µ subscalÐ µs. SomÐ µ subscalÐ µs sharÐ µ all thÐ µir itÐ µms. ThÐ µ surviving subscalÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ thus namÐ µd within thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ from which thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd and not on thÐ µ basis of itÐ µm contÐ µnt alonÐ µ. ThÐ µ advantagÐ µ of this mÐ µthod is that it providÐ µs a loosÐ µ guidÐ µ to thÐ µ contÐ µnt of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality prototypÐ µs factorÐ µd. FuturÐ µ factor studiÐ µs will bÐ µ dirÐ µctÐ µd toward comparing rÐ µsults for factors using morÐ µ cÐ µntral itÐ µms, thosÐ µ wÐ µightÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ and two points, and factors using both morÐ µ cÐ µntral and morÐ µ pÐ µriphÐ µral itÐ µms (thÐ µ factors prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ of this lattÐ µr typÐ µ). ThÐ µ idÐ µa of using standardizÐ µd instrumÐ µnts for trÐ µatmÐ µnt planning and thÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt of outcomÐ µs is controvÐ µrsial. According to Choca, ShanlÐ µy, and Van DÐ µnburg (1992), somÐ µ maintain that thÐ µ most important information about a cliÐ µnt can only bÐ µ obtainÐ µd through pÐ µrsonal intÐ µrviÐ µw sÐ µssions, whÐ µrÐ µas othÐ µrs contÐ µnd that tÐ µsting bÐ µforÐ µ thÐ µ onsÐ µt of or during trÐ µatmÐ µnt obfuscatÐ µs thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic rÐ µlationship (DÐ µwald, 1967). In addition, somÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs attach littlÐ µ clinical significancÐ µ to assÐ µssmÐ µnt or diagnosÐ µs, but othÐ µrs bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ tÐ µsting during trÐ µatmÐ µnt will almost always bÐ µ dÐ µtrimÐ µntal (Langs, 1973). HowÐ µvÐ µr, Choca Ð µt al. (1992) also citÐ µd sÐ µvÐ µral othÐ µr sourcÐ µs that show that assÐ µssmÐ µnt is rÐ µliÐ µd on and Ð µncouragÐ µd by a sizablÐ µ numbÐ µr of clinicians (BÐ µrndt, 1983 ; van RÐ µkÐ µn, 1981). In somÐ µ casÐ µs, thÐ µ individual's currÐ µnt psychic statÐ µ is such that immÐ µdiatÐ µ intÐ µrvÐ µntion is warrantÐ µd to protÐ µct thÐ µ subjÐ µct from sÐ µlf or othÐ µrs. Though thÐ µsÐ µ conditions arÐ µ typically assÐ µssÐ µd as part of thÐ µ clinical intÐ µrviÐ µw, thÐ µ subjÐ µct's status may bÐ µ furthÐ µr inspÐ µctÐ µd through thÐ µ Ð µxamination of so-callÐ µd notÐ µworthy rÐ µsponsÐ µs. HÐ µrÐ µ, thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ to a singlÐ µ itÐ µm suggÐ µsts a condition that rÐ µquirÐ µs immÐ µdiatÐ µ clinical attÐ µntion, such as suicidal or homicidal intÐ µntions. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, ItÐ µm 16 statÐ µs, I think Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ would bÐ µ bÐ µttÐ µr off if I wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µad. AltÐ µrnativÐ µly, a notÐ µworthy rÐ µsponsÐ µ may suggÐ µst conditions that should bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd in thÐ µrapy. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, ItÐ µm 137 statÐ µs, PÐ µoplÐ µ did things to mÐ µ sÐ µxually whÐ µn I was too young to undÐ µrstan d. Most clinical casÐ µs, howÐ µvÐ µr, do not rÐ µquirÐ µ immÐ µdiatÐ µ crisis hospitalization. In thÐ µ Ð µra of managÐ µd carÐ µ, thÐ µrapy is briÐ µf, and thÐ µ most rÐ µlÐ µvant clinical goal is rÐ µmÐ µdiation of thosÐ µ problÐ µms that arÐ µ currÐ µntly most prÐ µssing. Although pÐ µrsonality providÐ µs an important contÐ µxt for thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of Axis I symptoms, briÐ µf thÐ µrapy rÐ µquirÐ µs that only thÐ µ most troublÐ µsomÐ µ issuÐ µs bÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd. HÐ µrÐ µ, pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs arÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmphasizÐ µd, and Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns and clinical indicÐ µs bÐ µcomÐ µ thÐ µ propÐ µr focus of trÐ µatmÐ µnt Ð µfforts. GivÐ µn that only thÐ µ most obsÐ µrvablÐ µ and vivid problÐ µms will bÐ µ trÐ µatÐ µd, bÐ µhavioral or cognitivÐ µ-bÐ µhavioral intÐ µrvÐ µntions can bÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µctÐ µd to dominatÐ µ. ThÐ µ clinical quÐ µstion is, How can currÐ µnt problÐ µms bÐ µst bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd or rÐ µsolvÐ µd? WhatÐ µvÐ µr dirÐ µction thÐ µrapy Ð µvÐ µntually takÐ µs, thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µly high tÐ µst-rÐ µtÐ µst rÐ µliabilitiÐ µs of thÐ µ MACI scalÐ µs makÐ µs outcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt a rÐ µlativÐ µly simplÐ µ affair. ThÐ µ tÐ µst can simply bÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd again at a latÐ µr datÐ µ, and thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn bÐ µginning and final BR scorÐ µs is thÐ µn usablÐ µ as a rough mÐ µasurÐ µ of thÐ µrapÐ µutic changÐ µ. WhÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µrapy is lÐ µss timÐ µ limitÐ µd, thÐ µ focus shifts from immÐ µdiatÐ µ problÐ µms to thÐ µ subjÐ µct's charactÐ µristic way of viÐ µwing and rÐ µsponding to thÐ µ world, which bÐ µcomÐ µs trÐ µatÐ µd as thÐ µ major prÐ µdisposing factor in thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt and pÐ µrpÐ µtuation of psychological symptoms. HÐ µrÐ µ, thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ scalÐ µs movÐ µ into thÐ µ forÐ µground. ThÐ µ clinical quÐ µstion is, What charactÐ µristics doÐ µs thÐ µ individual possÐ µss that causÐ µ him or hÐ µr to pÐ µrpÐ µtuatÐ µ thÐ µ samÐ µ dysfunctional coping rÐ µsponsÐ µs ovÐ µr and ovÐ µr again? Rigid and Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µs arÐ µ thus viÐ µwÐ µd as major factors incrÐ µasing thÐ µ individual's vulnÐ µrability to symptom dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, bÐ µ it anxiÐ µty, dÐ µprÐ µssion, or othÐ µr Axis II syndromÐ µs. As Choca Ð µt al. (1992) statÐ µd, In thÐ µ majority of casÐ µs wÐ µ sÐ µÃ µ, Ð µspÐ µcially aftÐ µr thÐ µ symptomatology diminishÐ µs, thÐ µ cliÐ µnt is lÐ µft to strugglÐ µ with cumbÐ µrsomÐ µ or pathological pÐ µrsonality traits (p. 199). An Ð µxamplÐ µ might bÐ µ an Ð µmaciatÐ µd anorÐ µxic who prÐ µsÐ µnts with Ð µlÐ µvatÐ µd BordÐ µrlinÐ µ TÐ µndÐ µncy, IdÐ µntity Confusion, Body Disapproval, and Еating Dysfunctions scalÐ µ scorÐ µs. Such a pÐ µrson might rÐ µquirÐ µ immÐ µdiatÐ µ mÐ µdical supÐ µrvision supplÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd with bÐ µhavioral thÐ µrapy. AftÐ µr somÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of physical stability has bÐ µÃ µn attainÐ µd, supportivÐ µ, insight-oriÐ µntÐ µd, or Ð µvÐ µn family thÐ µrapy might bÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd, dÐ µpÐ µnding on thÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvation and configuration of othÐ µr scalÐ µs. ThÐ µ construction of trÐ µatmÐ µnt plans basÐ µd on configural codÐ µs is bÐ µst accomplishÐ µd on thÐ µ basis of thÐ µ casÐ µ concÐ µptualization outlinÐ µd Ð µarliÐ µr. HowÐ µvÐ µr, knowlÐ µdgÐ µ of typical issuÐ µs that diffÐ µrÐ µnt pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs bring to thÐ µrapy in thÐ µir prototypal form can bÐ µ valuablÐ µ whÐ µn dÐ µvÐ µloping plans for individuals whosÐ µ clinical codÐ µtypÐ µs synthÐ µsizÐ µ multiplÐ µ scalÐ µs. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ an avoidant pÐ µrsonality's mistrust of othÐ µrs contributÐ µs to and rÐ µinforcÐ µs social withdrawal, dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of a thÐ µrapÐ µutic alliancÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnts a spÐ µcial challÐ µngÐ µ. This introductory procÐ µss may rÐ µquirÐ µ an Ð µxtÐ µndÐ µd pÐ µriod of supportivÐ µ Ð µnhancÐ µmÐ µnt of thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's sÐ µlf-Ð µstÐ µÃ µm. OncÐ µ thÐ µ bond has bÐ µÃ µn formÐ µd, thÐ µ sÐ µcond phasÐ µ of trÐ µatmÐ µnt may cÐ µntÐ µr on Ð µvoking insights rÐ µgarding thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's uniquÐ µ Ð µtiology. Such rÐ µappraisal may hÐ µlp thÐ µ cliÐ µnt rÐ µcognizÐ µ currÐ µnt problÐ µms and dÐ µal with thÐ µm morÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly. ThÐ µ following tÐ µchniquÐ µs may provÐ µ hÐ µlpful as adjuncts: (a) mÐ µdication and/or bÐ µhavior modification to allÐ µviatÐ µ strÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µsulting from thÐ µrapy and its gÐ µnÐ µralization, (b) principlÐ µs of cognitivÐ µ thÐ µrapy to countÐ µr distortÐ µd thinking pattÐ µrns, and (c) family and group thÐ µrapy to improvÐ µ social and communication skills. UnlikÐ µ thÐ µ avoidant, thÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt pÐ µrsonality typically posÐ µs no thrÐ µat to thÐ µ Ð µarly dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic bond. Such a cliÐ µnt usually is Ð µagÐ µr to assumÐ µ thÐ µ familiar submissivÐ µ stancÐ µ within thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic miliÐ µu. Thus, although thÐ µ introductory stagÐ µ of trÐ µatmÐ µnt may movÐ µ quickly and smoothly, thÐ µ cliÐ µnt will bÐ µ highly rÐ µsistant to thÐ µ thÐ µrapist's latÐ µr Ð µfforts to Ð µngÐ µndÐ µr a hÐ µalthy dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of autonomy. DirÐ µctivÐ µ thÐ µrapiÐ µs arÐ µ logically contraindicatÐ µd bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ would simply rÐ µinforcÐ µ thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncy nÐ µÃ µds. NondirÐ µctivÐ µ dynamic and humanistic approachÐ µs usually Ð µmphasizÐ µ thÐ µ importancÐ µ of thÐ µ cliÐ µnt and, ovÐ µr timÐ µ, can bÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ in improving sÐ µlf-Ð µstÐ µÃ µm. ThÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µrapiÐ µs may bÐ µ too anxiÐ µty provoking for sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnts, howÐ µvÐ µr. In thÐ µsÐ µ casÐ µs, mÐ µdication may bÐ µ rÐ µquirÐ µd bÐ µforÐ µ thÐ µ cliÐ µnt is capablÐ µ of producing thÐ µ insight nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd for changÐ µ. Through additional group trÐ µatmÐ µnt, thÐ µ dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt may lÐ µarn nÐ µw social skills and gain incrÐ µasÐ µd sÐ µlf confidÐ µncÐ µ. In contrast to avoidant and dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt pÐ µrsonalitiÐ µs, thÐ µ unruly adolÐ µscÐ µnt usually arrivÐ µs for trÐ µatmÐ µnt at thÐ µ insistÐ µncÐ µ of family mÐ µmbÐ µrs or school administrators. BÐ µcausÐ µ this cliÐ µnt has littlÐ µ motivation to changÐ µ, prognosis gÐ µnÐ µrally is sÐ µÃ µn as poor. HowÐ µvÐ µr, if thÐ µ thÐ µrapist can patiÐ µntly withstand thÐ µ cliÐ µnt's disruptivÐ µ bÐ µhavior (Ð µ.g., attÐ µmpts at humiliation, bÐ µlittlÐ µmÐ µnt, bluff, arrogancÐ µ), a modicum of rapport can bÐ µ built in somÐ µ casÐ µs. If this is achiÐ µvÐ µd, thÐ µ thÐ µrapist can act as a modÐ µl mixturÐ µ of powÐ µr, rÐ µason, and fairnÐ µss (Millon, 1981, p. 214) for thÐ µ tÐ µÃ µn. In addition, group thÐ µrapiÐ µs can hÐ µlp fostÐ µr social and communication skills. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs hint at thÐ µ litÐ µrally infinitÐ µ numbÐ µr of combinations of pÐ µrsonality stylÐ µ, Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd concÐ µrns, and symptoms that adolÐ µscÐ µnts prÐ µsÐ µnt. ThÐ µ structurÐ µ of thÐ µ Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs parallÐ µls thÐ µ multiaxial modÐ µl. Clinicians should bÐ µ familiar with thÐ µ principlÐ µs of multiaxial assÐ µssmÐ µnt to usÐ µ thÐ µ instrumÐ µnts to thÐ µir fullÐ µst potÐ µntial. ThÐ µ MACI farÐ µs wÐ µll whÐ µn Ð µvaluatÐ µd against critÐ µria for Ð µvaluating psychological instrumÐ µnts as outcomÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µs proposÐ µd by NÐ µwman and Ciarlo (1994) and NÐ µwman, Ciarlo, and CarpÐ µntÐ µr (1997). WhÐ µrÐ µas othÐ µr invÐ µntoriÐ µs rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnt a downward Ð µxtÐ µnsion of instrumÐ µnts originally constructÐ µd with adult populations, thÐ µ MACI was spÐ µcifically normÐ µd on adolÐ µscÐ µnt subjÐ µcts. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ invÐ µntory was constructÐ µd as a multiaxial instrumÐ µnt coordinatÐ µd with both a cohÐ µrÐ µnt clinical thÐ µory and with thÐ µ DSM-IV nosology. Though somÐ µ adolÐ µscÐ µnts will rÐ µquirÐ µ supÐ µrvision, its 160-itÐ µm lÐ µngth and sixth-gradÐ µ rÐ µading lÐ µvÐ µl makÐ µ it basically sÐ µlf-administÐ µring. ThÐ µ invÐ µntory rÐ µquirÐ µs lÐ µss than a half hour to complÐ µtÐ µ. As with thÐ µ othÐ µr Millon invÐ µntoriÐ µs, scalÐ µ scorÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd on national samplÐ µs, and prÐ µvalÐ µncÐ µ ratÐ µs arÐ µ informÐ µd by clinical ratings on thÐ µ normativÐ µ population, Ð µxtÐ µrnal validity studiÐ µs, and clinical wisdom. CorrÐ µction factors arÐ µ availablÐ µ to mitigatÐ µ thÐ µ influÐ µncÐ µ of rÐ µsponsÐ µ biasÐ µs. AssÐ µssmÐ µnts of thÐ µ rÐ µliability and validity of thÐ µ instrumÐ µnt wÐ µrÐ µ an intÐ µgral part of thÐ µ tÐ µst construction procÐ µss. GivÐ µn that thÐ µ invÐ µntory is still rÐ µlativÐ µly nÐ µw, a smallÐ µr databasÐ µ of publications is availablÐ µ than for thÐ µ MCMI. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ two invÐ µntoriÐ µs arÐ µ basÐ µd on thÐ µ samÐ µ clinical thÐ µory and wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd using thÐ µ samÐ µ undÐ µrlying logic of tÐ µst construction. ComputÐ µr scoring is availablÐ µ and providÐ µs Ð µithÐ µr a profilÐ µ rÐ µport or a morÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µnsivÐ µ intÐ µrprÐ µtivÐ µ rÐ µport writtÐ µn in Ð µasy-to-undÐ µrstand languagÐ µ. ThÐ µ scalÐ µ namÐ µs arÐ µ dÐ µscriptivÐ µ, and scalÐ µ Ð µlÐ µvations bÐ µyond thÐ µ BR cutoff scorÐ µs indicatÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µ prominÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality fÐ µaturÐ µs or thÐ µ rÐ µlativÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrity of ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns or Clinical SyndromÐ µ scorÐ µs. Though it is an implicit assumption among nosologists that lÐ µgitimatÐ µ psychological disordÐ µrs should brÐ µÃ µd truÐ µ ovÐ µr timÐ µ, thÐ µ intÐ µraction bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn intrinsic maturational capacitiÐ µs and variÐ µgatÐ µd Ð µnvironmÐ µntal influÐ µncÐ µs crÐ µatÐ µs divÐ µrsÐ µ multiplÐ µ pathways of dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt that makÐ µ adolÐ µscÐ µnt pathologiÐ µs Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly difficult to study. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, in assÐ µssmÐ µnts conductÐ µd approximatÐ µly 5 to 10 yÐ µars following hospitalization (WÐ µiss BurkÐ µ, 1970), thÐ µ majority of school phobic youths wÐ µrÐ µ found to bÐ µ high school graduatÐ µs who had pÐ µrformÐ µd acadÐ µmically at or abovÐ µ thÐ µir Ð µxpÐ µctÐ µd lÐ µvÐ µls. Thus, on thÐ µ surfacÐ µ, it sÐ µÃ µmÐ µd that thÐ µ thÐ µrapÐ µutic intÐ µrvÐ µntions had bÐ µÃ µn Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ latÐ µr assÐ µssmÐ µnt, most of thÐ µ subjÐ µcts did not concÐ µivÐ µ of thÐ µir Ð µarliÐ µr problÐ µm as bÐ µing school phobia. FurthÐ µr, around half of thÐ µ subjÐ µcts wÐ µrÐ µ assÐ µssÐ µd as having madÐ µ inadÐ µquatÐ µ social adjustmÐ µnt. As with any study, rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs arÐ µ advisÐ µd to bÐ µ awarÐ µ of multitrait-multimÐ µthod factors. Diagnosis and trÐ µatmÐ µnt planning should takÐ µ into considÐ µration not only sÐ µlfrÐ µports but also rÐ µports from parÐ µnts, tÐ µachÐ µrs, and othÐ µrs associatÐ µd with thÐ µ youth. OutcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt tÐ µchniquÐ µs also must advancÐ µ to accommodatÐ µ multiplÐ µ mÐ µasurÐ µs from a variÐ µty of information sourcÐ µs. As morÐ µ information is intÐ µgatÐ µd into thÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt, clinical basÐ µlinÐ µs bÐ µcomÐ µ succÐ µssivÐ µly morÐ µ qualitativÐ µ, lÐ µss quantitativÐ µ, and lÐ µss amÐ µnablÐ µ to Ð µmpirical study simply bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ individual is undÐ µrstood as a uniquÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µntal Ð µntity rathÐ µr than a collÐ µction of scalÐ µ scorÐ µs (sÐ µÃ µ chap. 16, vol. 3, which discussÐ µs thÐ µ MCMI). RÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs dÐ µsigning outcomÐ µ studiÐ µs with multiaxial instrumÐ µnts must first dÐ µfinÐ µ thÐ µ scopÐ µ of thÐ µ outcomÐ µ to bÐ µ assÐ µssÐ µd. In a managÐ µd carÐ µ sÐ µtting, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, pÐ µrsonality changÐ µ is oftÐ µn not addrÐ µssÐ µd bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µrapy is intÐ µndÐ µd to bÐ µ palliativÐ µ rathÐ µr than substantivÐ µ. HÐ µrÐ µ, a minimal intÐ µrprÐ µtation of Ð µfficacy might Ð µxaminÐ µ only prÐ µ- and posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs for just thÐ µ ЕxprÐ µssÐ µd ConcÐ µrns and Clinical SyndromÐ µs scalÐ µs to which trÐ µatmÐ µnt is addrÐ µssÐ µd. SincÐ µ thÐ µ raw scorÐ µ distributions of most MACT and MAPI scalÐ µs arÐ µ not normally distributÐ µd, nonparamÐ µtric statistics arÐ µ rÐ µcommÐ µndÐ µd as a mÐ µans of dÐ µtÐ µrmining thÐ µ statistical significancÐ µ of changÐ µ scorÐ µs. Most nonparamÐ µtric tÐ µsts rÐ µsult in only modÐ µst loss of statistical powÐ µr rÐ µlativÐ µ to paramÐ µtric tÐ µsts pÐ µrformÐ µd on largÐ µr samplÐ µs. Though prÐ µ- and posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs on thÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs would thus appÐ µar usÐ µful only with longÐ µr tÐ µrm intÐ µrvÐ µntions whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µrsonality changÐ µ bÐ µcomÐ µs a primary goal, thÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs can bÐ µ incorporatÐ µd into outcomÐ µ studiÐ µs in a variÐ µty of ways. ЕlÐ µvations on thÐ µ PÐ µrsonality StylÐ µs scalÐ µs could bÐ µ inspÐ µctÐ µd to assist subjÐ µct sÐ µlÐ µctionto hÐ µlp sÐ µlÐ µct primarily narcissistic subjÐ µcts, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, or to dividÐ µ thÐ µ samplÐ µ into contrast groups with high and low lÐ µvÐ µls of sÐ µlf-rÐ µportÐ µd pÐ µrsonality pathology on thÐ µ basis of thÐ µir BR scorÐ µs. If a largÐ µ samplÐ µ is availablÐ µ, thÐ µ raw scorÐ µs of thÐ µ pÐ µrsonality scalÐ µs could bÐ µ factor analyzÐ µd and prÐ µand posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs could bÐ µ comparÐ µd on thÐ µ rÐ µsulting factors. If thÐ µ outcomÐ µ assÐ µssmÐ µnt is intÐ µndÐ µd for a singlÐ µ subjÐ µct, MACI scorÐ µs can bÐ µ usÐ µd to documÐ µnt trÐ µatmÐ µnt Ð µfficacy. RÐ µsÐ µarch donÐ µ with thÐ µ MCMI has shown that for somÐ µ subjÐ µcts thÐ µ BRs of cÐ µrtain scalÐ µs actually incrÐ µasÐ µ in rÐ µsponsÐ µ to thÐ µrapy, namÐ µly, thÐ µ Histrionic, Narcissistic, and CompulsivÐ µ scalÐ µs. This is likÐ µly to bÐ µ thÐ µ casÐ µ for thÐ µ MACI as wÐ µll. ThÐ µsÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ constructs possÐ µss normal variants that arÐ µ oftÐ µn highly adaptablÐ µ in modÐ µrn sociÐ µty. ThÐ µ sÐ µlf-confidÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ normal-rangÐ µ narcissist, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, is sÐ µÃ µn as positivÐ µ and motivating, whilÐ µ thÐ µ sociability of thÐ µ normal-rangÐ µ histrionic is a positivÐ µ form of Ð µxtrovÐ µrsion. For thÐ µsÐ µ scalÐ µs, thÐ µ rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn scalÐ µ scorÐ µ and pathology is nonlinÐ µar. Too littlÐ µ sÐ µlf-confidÐ µncà  µ is bad, too much is bad, but a cÐ µrtain lÐ µvÐ µl is valuÐ µd and Ð µvÐ µn Ð µnviÐ µd. Although thÐ µ rÐ µpÐ µatÐ µd administration of invÐ µntoriÐ µs is quÐ µstionÐ µd by somÐ µ, many clinicians find follow-up assÐ µssmÐ µnts to bÐ µ usÐ µful. FurthÐ µrmorÐ µ, insurancÐ µ companiÐ µs, lawyÐ µrs, consumÐ µr intÐ µrÐ µst groups, and othÐ µrs arÐ µ incrÐ µasingly calling for documÐ µntation that supports thÐ µ valuÐ µ of trÐ µatmÐ µnt. ThÐ µ BR thrÐ µsholds built into thÐ µ instrumÐ µnt providÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ points against which thÐ µ Ð µfficacy of trÐ µatmÐ µnt for a singlÐ µ subjÐ µct may bÐ µ judgÐ µd. SincÐ µ a scorÐ µ of BR 75 indicatÐ µs thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ of pathology for most scalÐ µs, posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs that drop bÐ µlow BR 75 suggÐ µst pathologiÐ µs that havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn trÐ µatÐ µd into thÐ µ subclinical rangÐ µ. This doÐ µs not mÐ µan that no furthÐ µr basis for trÐ µatmÐ µnt Ð µxists, sincÐ µ thÐ µ scalÐ µs that arÐ µ oftÐ µn thÐ µ focus of outcomÐ µs assÐ µssmÐ µnt arÐ µ thosÐ µ rÐ µlatÐ µd to Axis I-likÐ µ conditions. LikÐ µwisÐ µ, posttrÐ µatmÐ µnt scorÐ µs that drop from abovÐ µ BR 85 to thÐ µ BR 7584 rangÐ µ may indicatÐ µ that thÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrity of a particular disordÐ µr has subsidÐ µd, though aspÐ µcts of thÐ µ disordÐ µr (whÐ µthÐ µr Axis I or Axis II in naturÐ µ) will likÐ µly nÐ µÃ µd continuÐ µd trÐ µatmÐ µnt. BÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ MACI is a multiaxial instrumÐ µnt, thÐ µ focus of trÐ µatmÐ µnt should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood in advancÐ µ bÐ µforÐ µ rÐ µsults arÐ µ communicatÐ µd. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, thÐ µ bÐ µst indÐ µx of rÐ µcovÐ µry for a patiÐ µnt rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd for thÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt of dÐ µprÐ µssion is thÐ µ changÐ µ scorÐ µ in thÐ µ DÐ µprÐ µssivÐ µ AffÐ µct scalÐ µ. ThÐ µ pÐ µrsonality profilÐ µ and its ovÐ µrall Ð µlÐ µvation and rÐ µlation to thÐ µ subjÐ µct's symptoms may bÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsting, but if thÐ µ issuÐ µ is thÐ µ disposition of thÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrral issuÐ µ, cÐ µrtain scalÐ µs may not bÐ µ rÐ µlÐ µvant. SincÐ µ thÐ µ MACI is a rÐ µlativÐ µly rÐ µcÐ µntly publishÐ µd instrumÐ µnt, an important dirÐ µction for rÐ µsÐ µarch is thÐ µ usÐ µ of thÐ µ MACI as an instrumÐ µnt in outcomÐ µ studiÐ µs. ThÐ µ rÐ µliability of thÐ µ MACI scalÐ µs, thÐ µir basis in a cohÐ µrÐ µnt thÐ µory of pÐ µrsonality and psychopathology, and thÐ µir coordination with thÐ µ DSM-IV should bÐ µ attractivÐ µ to rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs sÐ µÃ µking to quantify outcomÐ µs in adolÐ µscÐ µnt groups. At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, thÐ µ availability of intÐ µrprÐ µtivÐ µ rÐ µports is of assistancÐ µ to clinicians sÐ µÃ µking to documÐ µnt basÐ µlinÐ µs and progrÐ µss in thÐ µ thÐ µrapy thÐ µy providÐ µ to patiÐ µnts.

The completion of the Severn Tidal project on the coastline between Essay

The completion of the Severn Tidal project on the coastline between England and Wales - Essay Example The essay discusses that currently, 450 million litres of water passes through the Severn Estuary on the coastline between Wales and England. This water is a collection of inland rivers and waterbodies that deposit their flow into the Sea at this point. It provides a great opportunity for a power generation facility at that would tap energy for users in Wales and England. The government and key stakeholders including members of the international community have agreed that Britain should cut its carbon emission to just 20% by the year 2050. This means that Britain will have to cut its carbon emission by 80% in the next four decades. There is therefore the need for the people of the United Kingdom to identify alternative means of producing energy. The consumption of petroleum products and hydrocarbon fuels increased at a very fast rate after the Second World War. The Kyoto Protocol identified that Britain accounts for about 5% of the world's carbon emission into the atmosphere. This is highly disproportionate to the size of Britain which is relatively small. Since the trend of global warming is an international matter, Britain has come under severe pressure to identify ways of cutting down on its reliance on hydrocarbons. Thus, the proposition of the British government to cut down emissions by 80% in 2050 has become more of a serious objective now than ever. One of the core solutions to the problem is to identify renewable energy options for the United Kingdom. Tidal power generation is one of the options available to a nation like Britain in her bid to identify an alternative to the reliance on hydrocarbons. The Climate Change Act gives legitimacy and force to the plans of the UK government to cut down on CO2 emissions. This means that the state has a tougher legal obligation to put its resources to use to produce a strong and potent method of dealing with climate change. The UK government has been involved with some key stakeholders in an attempt to find soluti ons to this problem. The main stakeholders who have been involved in discussions on providing solutions are: 1. The UK Government 2. Private Sector Energy Companies 3. The UK Public 4. Environmental Groups in practice and academia. These groups have been involved in various degrees of consultation and discussions on the matter. The Severn coastline offers one of the greatest opportunities for the establishment of a renewable energy system. This can be done by creating dams, barrages or some other facilities that will make use of the energy generated by the movement of the water on the coastline. These stakeholders have spent two years undertaking feasibility studies about the creation of an energy generation system on the Severn coastline. These feasibility studies has taken an number of core issues into account. The findings of the Severn consultation activities indicate that the project is capable of providing 15% of Britain's energy needs. This means that a dam on the estuary can potentially provide a significant solution to the carbon emission targets that has been set by the UK government in the Climate Change Act. This will obviously curb the volume of carbon emission and reduce the effects of pollution emanating from the United Kingdom. In the process, the stakeholder group collected a total of 10 proposals about how a power generation system could be set up at the Severn coast of the United Kingdom. These ten proposals were assessed on the basis of benefits,

Module 5 case assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Module 5 case assignment - Coursework Example This paper aims at analyzing the feedback loops and organizational learning opportunities for the Whole Foods, an American based foods supermarkets chain. As noted earlier, reinforcing feedback loop makes an organization to acquire significant growth thus putting at bay its rivals in the market while at the same time enjoying product diversification. Additionally, reinforcing loop takes place when an original change is reinvested to further bring about change in the future (Bellinger, 2004). One of the notable aspects of the reinforcing loop is that they create a momentum. In this way, they ensure that activities within the firm are kept in motion thus ensuring there are limited delays and the consumers can get their brands on a regular basis. In their efforts to satisfy the needs of the customers, firms use the feedback from their consumers to improve the quality of their brands. Given the need to attract more customers, Whole Foods Market is focused at establishing new lower cost store as a way of serving the younger perennial shoppers. According to the management, once the new store is launched, and extensive promotion is undertake n, more potential consumers will encounter fresh foods, which will be the major products in the store. Through the word of mouth marketing, more Whole Foods adopters will ultimately emerge in the future. Another example of a reinforcing feedback loop that is applied by Whole Foods Market is based on the high US population. As the population is high, more children will be born who are potential consumers. Once they become adults, these children will also bear children. This implies that the demand for the supermarket products will continue to expand. On its part, the balancing feedback loop, which entails circles of cause and effect, has the objective of countering a change that includes a push in the opposite direction. As the push is made harder, the system on its part pushes back resulting to the

Walmex Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Walmex - Research Paper Example A year later the company commemorated fifty years of service to Mexican citizens. 2009 ended with the acquiring of Wal-Mart de Centro America by the Wal-Mart de Mexico giant expanding its service to six countries (Kojadinovc 41). There are credible reports that Wal-Mart the largest retailer in the world was aware that one of its branches, wal -mart de Mexico used bribes coerce foreign officials to allow their operations. The bribes were paid to acquire permits for the Mexico stores establishments in desirable places such as the Teotihuacan. Alleged bribes are said to have been given to the Teotihuacan Municipal Council and the National institute of Anthropology and History’s director. Handsome Bribes were also orchestrated in relation to zoning laws and environmental permits that would have been hurdles in the company’s expansion. It is also under scrutiny for subverting democratic governance such as public votes, transparent procedures and open debates and the same bribes to offset competition. This is against compliance to the mandated foreign Corrupt Practices Act which prohibits an American company from offering bribes to foreign officials. In a response to the claims, Wal-Mart stated that it has been conducting extensive investigations in relation to the allegation cases and that they are non-tolerant to non-compliance to the law anywhere at any level of the company’s branches and is diligent to provide necessary contribution. In a separate statement the spokesman reiterated that the company has divulged substantial resources dedicated to this effort. Corruption and bribery are vastly permeated notions in Mexico. The justice system in the city is feeble and I can be manipulated with ease. Further, bribery is fuelled by the relatively low salaries paid to the local public workers. Hence it was not shocking for Wal-Mart to have its way through the law. Wal-Mart de Mexico was an insistent and crafty corruptor offering humungous bribes to get

Healthcare Affordability in the US

Healthcare Affordability in the US Advanced Nurse Practitioner Scope of Practice Issues Marina Bukhrashvili New York State needed an additional 1,200 physicians to address the shortage by 2012, according to a 2012 Haney’s survey by the Healthcare Association of New York State (Verdon, Ritchie, Marbury Mazzolini, 2014). The scope of Certified Nurse Practitioner (CNP) practice is currently debated in some states. In New York State, the Nurse Practitioners Modernization Act will allow those nurses who have more than 3,600 hours of experience to treat patients without the supervising physician’s signed practice agreement (Farmer, 2014).This act will become law on January 1, 2015. This act may fill that void; however, various New York physician advocate groups continue to argue that patient safety will be compromised because of the gap in training of CNPs (Verdon et al., 2014). The United States (U.S.) health care system faces many challenges due to demographical, economic and political shifts. There are existing gaps in quality and accessibility of care and patient safety. U.S. population is aging rapidly and it is estimated that about 18 percent of the U.S. population will be 65 years old or older by 2025 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). With growing number of Medicare beneficiaries, there will be more demand for primary care providers. It is estimated that by 2020, the U.S. nation will require 40 percent more primary care providers (Hauer et al., 2008). U.S people 65 and older will have more than one chronic disease and physicians’ shortages will not meet the demands that are expected (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The National Governors Association (NGA) reviewed of the literature and summarized that CNPs can reduce disparities in access to care, promote cost effectiveness through policy advancement, patient advocacy and the development of innovative models of care to improve patient care (NGA, 2013). The push for giving CNPs more autonomy continues with the shortage of primary care physicians on the rise. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) is not supporting the idea of allowing CNPs the full scope of practice without working under the physician’s supervision. One of the reasons cited is that family physicians have extensive training and education, which would ensure patients’ safety and provide the best quality of care (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2012). The scope of CNPs’ practice is currently debated in some states. Researchers studied care provided by both nurse practitioners and physicians and showed that while quality of care was similar for both providers, patients’ results were same or better for NPs as compared to physicians (Bauer, J. 2010). In addition, it was found that nurse practitioners provide care at a lower cost as well as more disease prevention counseling, health education, and health promotion activities than physicians (Mehrota et al., 2009). Another study which used data from the Association of American Medical Colleges’ Consumer Survey showed that consumers are open to the idea of obtaining medical care from NPs (Dill, Pankow, Erikson Shippman, 2013). Compared to physicians, CNPs traditionally are reimbursed at a lower Medicare rate for delivery of the same services. Yet, while our healthcare desperately needs to reduce cost, it is estimated that a cost savings would remain, even if CNPs were to receive equivalent reimbursement, because they utilize fewer resources than physicians (Health Policy Brief, 2012). In 2009, on average, it cost 20% less to visit a nurse practitioner than to visit a physician (Eibner, Hussey, Ridgely Glynn, 2009). In Massachusetts, after the insurance reform was implemented, it was shown that the state could save from $4.2 to $8.4 billion over a 10-year period when nurse practitioners use was increased (Eibner et al., 2009). Accountable care organizations (ACA), community and nurse-managed health centers, patient-centered medical homes success will require that CNPs have full scope of practice to have the ability to practice independently without restrictions (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller, Shalala, 2011). Organizational barriers exist for reimbursements of care provided by CNPs. Notwithstanding that the quality and standards of preventing care established in the ACA are met by these providers, their current rate of reimbursement for Medicare services to residents in long term care (LTC) facilities is only 85 percent of the rate that physicians charge for the same services (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2013). The unlimited contribution of CPNs will be even more important considering that with the implementation of the ACA, millions of newly insured Americans will seek the access to healthcare. Expanding the scope of practice of advanced practice nurses can possibly translate to an increased access to healthcare for many current and future patients, especially in underserved areas (National Governors Association, 2012). There is a need for the uniform standards for practice and to eliminate the difference in the level of practice among CNPs from one state to another (NGA, 2012). The scope of practice will establish which activities are reimbursed by third party payers and will have direct impact on the independent practice of CNPs (NGA, 2012). When CNPs are required to collaborate or to be supervised by the physician, they are less likely to be selected by insurers and are unable to directly bill for the services they render (NGA, 2012). Instead, the bill for their services is coded under the physician’s provider number. If the requirement for physician involvement is dropped, CNPs would be allowed to be credentialed as providers and directly reimbursed for their services. This is also important if a physician moves or does not want to collaborate with a CNP. Another issue related to scope of practice is the lack of universal, federal recommendations for mobility across states for practitioners involved in telemedicine. The significant discrepancy in CNP scopes of practice across states limits the ability of expert CNPs to work as consultants in a different state, which may limit the access of individuals to specialty consultations that may not be available locally. In their study of nurse migration, it was reported that nurses, including CNPs, move to states with less restrictive scopes of practice. Migration of CNPs may contribute to the shortage of primary care providers, especially in disadvantaged areas (Kalist, Spurr, Wada, 2010). Nurses are restricted to certify in some state to do health care visits or stay in skilled nursing facilities, admit patients to hospitals or prescribe medications without physician’s supervision and because of that nurses move to less restrictive states, and from primary to specialist care, a resu lting loss of access to care a lot of patients (Eibner et al., 2009). With millions of people signing up for health care under the Affordable Care Act, the aging population and number of chronic illnesses growing, the demand for primary care services is projected to grow. NPs will play a significant part in expansion and shaping of health care delivery. The looming shortage of primary care practitioners can be alleviating by integrating into health care delivery primary care nurse practitioners and physicians assistants. Medical profession should have an active interest in advancing the role of NPs and making sure that the high standards of the profession are intact. While NPs should not be a replacement for doctors they should be allowed to practice to the full extent of their training. Relaxing the scope of practice laws that prevent nurse practitioners from playing the important role in providing basic primary health care services is the first step that should be undertaken. References American Association of Nurse Practitioners (2013). Issues at-a-glance: Full practice authority.  Retrieved from: http://www.aanp.org Association of Advanced Nursing Practice Educators. (2009).Universities and advanced practice  programmes. Retrieved from  http://www.aanpe.org/AANPEHEIsMembers/AANPEMemberUniversitiesCoursesProgrammes/tabid/469/language/en-US/Default.aspx Bauer, J. (2010). Nurse practitioners as an underutilized resource for health reform: Evidence-based demonstrations of cost-effectiveness. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse  Practitioners 22 (2010), 228-231. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Chronic diseases and health promotion.  Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/overview/index.htm Dill, M., Pankow, S., Erikson, C., Shipman, S. (2013). Health Affairs. Retrieved from  http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/32/6/1135.abstract The Role of Nurse Practitioners in Meeting Increasing Demand for Primary Care. (2012)  Retrieved from  http://www.nga.org/cms/home/nga-center-for-best-practices/center-publications/page-health-publications/col2-content/main-content-list/the-role-of-nurse-practitioners.html The, O. C., Pr, N. (2012). Education and Training: Family Physicians and Nurse Practitioners.  Retrieved from  http://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/news/NP-Kit-FP-NP-UPDATED.pdf Eibner, C.E., Hussey, P.S., Ridgely, M,S., McGlynn, E,A. (2009). Controlling health care  spending in Massachusetts: an analysis of options. Retrieved from  http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR733.pdf Fairman, J., Rowe, J., Hassmiller, S., Shalala, D. (2011). Broadening the scope of nursing  practice. New England Journal of Medicine 364(3), 193-196.  doi:10.1056/NEJMp1012121 Farmer, R., (2014) Milestone New York legislation eases practice restrictions on NPs.  Retrieved from  http://news.nurse.com/article/20140505/NY02/305050020#.VGAJdMnsoh0 Hauer, K.E., Durning, S.J., Kernan, W.N., Fagan, M.J., Mintz, M., O’Sullivan, P.S†¦.Schwartz,  M.D. (2008). Factors associated with medical students career choices regarding internal  medicine. JAMA, 300(10), 1154-1164. Kalist, D., Spurr, S., Wada, T. (2010). Immigration of Nurses. Industrial Relations: A Journal  of Economy and Society, 49(3), 406-428. Mehrota, A. et al. (2009). Comparing Costs and Quality of Care at Retail Clinics with that of  Other Medical Settings for 3 Common Illnesses. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 321-323. Nurse Practitioners and Primary Care. (2013). Retrieved from  http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=79 Sealey, G. (2014). U.S. Elderly to Double in 25 Years. Retrieved from  http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91943page=1 U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (131st Edition) Washington,  DC, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/. Verdon, D., Ritchie, A., Marbury, D., Mazzolini, C. (2014). (Slideshow) Scope of practice  debate in primary care spreads to 8 states. Retrieved from  http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/medical-economics/content/tags/midlevel-providers/slideshow-scope-practice-debate-primary-care-sprea?page=full

Underlying Messages in Everything That Rises Must Converge and Good Cou

Underlying Messages in Everything That Rises Must Converge and Good Country People      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flannery O'Connor's "Everything That Rises Must Converge" and "Good Country People" have extremely complex story lines. What makes these stories so involved is how the characters relate to others. Discovering who the characters in the stories are and what they represent becomes the reader's purpose and goal. In order to truly understand her stories the reader must look deeper than the surface. The underlying messages must be searched for as a person looking for hidden treasure.         Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first story the character Julian is the key to unlocking the meaning behind the story. Julian has gone to college and has developed his mind. Because of this he views himself as superior to those around him, especially his mother. The mother, although given to prejudices, has a kind heart. This seems to be the main difference between these two characters. Julian puts more stock in how educated a person is and the importance of having a well-developed mind. He sees his mother as lost in the past. He says to her, "You haven't the foggiest idea where you stand now or who you are" (1081). Her sky-blue eyes are described as "innocent and untouched by experience as they must have been when she was ten" (1080). Although Julian's mother is proud of his education, she knows a heart full of love is more important than a head full of empty knowledge. He believes that it is foolish to let feelings get in the way of facts. He believes that he is "unafraid to face f acts" (1085). Is he really though? He has cut himself emotionally free from his mother and from society in general; but is he completely objective? According to Way... ...hey had been educated, they saw the rest of the world as inferior. In reality they were blind to the real world. Their education only made it harder for them to see what was going on around them. In both cases it took something drastic and terrible in order for them to break out of the fetters of education that were holding them captive.       Works Cited    Booth, Wayne C. "A Rhetorical Reading of O'Connor's 'Everything That Rises Must Converge.'" The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1634-37.    O'Connor, Flannery. "Everything That Rises Must Converge." The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 1999. 1080-91.    ---. "Good Country People." The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1091-1105.

Decision of the Union of India Essay

The validity of the decision of the Union of India to disinvest and transfer 51% shares of M/s. Bharat Aluminium Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘BALCO’) is the primary issue in these cases. BALCO was incorporated in 1965 as a Government of India Undertaking under the Companies Act, 1956. Prior to its disinvestment it had a paid-up share capital of Rs.488.85 crores which was owned and controlled by the Government of India. The company is engaged in the manufacture of aluminium and had plants at Korba in the State of Chhattisgarh and Bidhanbag in the State of West Bengal. The Company has integrated aluminium manufacturing plant for the manufacture and sale of aluminium metal including wire rods and semi- fabricated products. The Government of Madhya Pradesh vide its letter dated 18th March, 1968 wrote to BALCO stating that it proposed that land be granted to it on a 99 years lease subject to the terms and conditions contained therein. The letter envisaged giving on lease Government land on payment of premium of Rs.200/- per acre and, in addition thereto also to provide tenure land which was to be acquired and transferred on lease to BALCO on payment by it the actual cost of acquisition plus annual lease rent. Vide its letter dated 13th June, 1968 BALCO gave its assent to the proposal contained in the aforesaid letter of 18th March, 1968 for transfer of land to it. BALCO intimated by this letter that the total requirement of land would be about 1616 acres. Thereafter, in addition to the Government land which was transferred, the Government of Madhya Pradesh acquired land for BALCO under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 on payment of compensation. The District Collector, Bilaspur also granted permission under Section 165(6) of the M.P. Land Revenue Code, 1959 for acquiring/transferring private land in favour of BALCO. As a result of the aforesaid, BALCO set up it’s establishment on it’s acquiring land from and with the help of the State Government. Since 1990-91 successive Central Government had been planning to disinvest some of the Public Sector Undertakings. In pursuance to the policy of disinvestment by a Resolution dated 23rd August, 1996 the Ministry of Industry (Department of Public Enterprises) Government of India constituted a Public Sector Disinvestment Commission initially for a period of three  years. The Resolution stated that this Commission was established in pursuance of the Common Minimum Programme of the United Front Government at the Centre. The Commission was an independent, non-statutory advisory body and was headed by Shri G. V. Ramakrishna who was to be its Full-time Chairman. The Commission had four part-time Members. Paras 3, 4 and 5 of the said Resolution are as follows: – â€Å"3. The broad terms of reference of the Commission are as follows: I. To draw a comprehensive overall long term disinvestment programme within 5-10 years for the PSUs referred to it by the Core Group. II. To determine the extent of disinvestment (total/partial indicating percentage) in each of the PSU. III. To prioritise the PSUs referred to it by the Core Group in terms of the overall disinvestment programme. IV. To recommend the preferred mode(s) of disinvestment (domestic capital markets/international capital markets/auction/private sale to identified investors/any other) for each of the identified PSUs. Also to suggest an appropriate mix of the various alternatives taking into account the market conditions. V. To recommend a mix between primary and secondary disinvestments taking into account Government’s objective, the relevant PSUs funding requirement and the market conditions. VI. To supervise the overall sale process and take decisions on instrument, pricing, tim ing, etc. as appropriate. VII. To select the financial advisors for the specified PSUs to facilitate the disinvestment process. VIII. To ensure that appropriate measures are taken during the disinvestment process to protect the interests of the affected employees including encouraging employees’ participation in the sale process. IX. To monitor the progress of disinvestment process and take necessary measures and report periodically to the Government on such progress. X. To assist the Government to create public awareness of the Government’s disinvestment policies and programmes with a view to developing a commitment by the people. XI. To give wide publicity to the disinvestment proposals so as to ensure larger public participation in the shareholding of the enterprises; and XII. To advise the Government on possible capital restructuring of the enterprises by marginal investment, if required, so as to ensure enhanced realisation through disinvestment. 4. The Disinvestment Commission will be advisory body and the Government will take a final decision on the companies  to be disinvested and mode of disinvestment on the basis of advice given by the Disinvestment Commission. The PSUs would implement the decision of the Government under the overall supervision of the Disinvestment Commission. 5. The Commission while advising the Government on the above matters will also take into consideration the interests of stakeholders, workers, consumers and others having a stake in the relevant public sector undertakings.† It may here be noted that by a Resolution dated 12th January, 1998 the earlier Resolution of 23rd August, 1996 was partly modified with deletion of paras 3, 4 and 5 and by substitution of the same by the following: â€Å"3(i) The Disinvestment Commission shall be an advisory body and its role and function would be to advise the Government on Disinvestment in those public sector units that are referred to it by the Government. 3(ii) The Commission shall also advise the Government on any other matter relating to disinvestment as may be specifically referred to it by the Government, and also carry out any other activities relating to disinvestment as may be assigned to it by the Government. 3(iii) In making its recommendations, the Commission will also take into consideration the interests of workers, employees and others stake holders, in the public sector unit(s). 3(iv) The final decision on the recommendations of the Disinvestment Commission will vest with the Government.† According to the Union of India, it laid down the broad procedures to be followed for processing the recommendations of the Disinvestment Commission. It was, inter alia, decided that : i. The Ministry of Finance (now Department of Disinvestment) would process the recommendations of the Disinvestment Commission, by inviting comments from the concerned administrative machinery; ii. Submit the recommendations to the Core Group of Secretaries for Disinvestment for consideration; iii. The recommendations of the Core Group of Secretaries would then be taken to Cabinet for decision; iv. It was also decided that the Core Group of Secretaries would be headed by the Cabinet Secretary and its permanent members would be Finance Secretary, Revenue Secretary, Expenditure Secretary, Secretary Department of Public Enterprises, Secretary Planning Commission and Chief Economic Advisor, Ministry of Finance, and v. To implement the decisions, an Inter-Ministerial  Group headed by the Secretary/Joint Secretary of the Administrative Ministry and consisting of Joint Secretaries of Department of Economic Affairs, Department of Public Enterprises, alongwith the Chairman and Managing Director of the Companies as Members and Director (Finance) of the company as the Convenor. In case of BALCO, the IMG consisted of Secretary level Officers and was headed by Secretary (Mines). On 10th December, 1999 the Department of Disinvestment was set up and the responsibilities which were earlier assigned to the Ministry of Finance have now been transferred to this Department. The Disinvestment Commission in its 2nd Report submitted in April, 1997 advised the Government of India that BALCO needed to be privatised. The recommendation which it made was that the Government may immediately disinvest its holding in the Company by offering a significant share of 40% of the equity to a strategic partner. The Report further advised that there should be an agreement with the selected strategic partner specifying that the Government would within two years make a public offer in the domestic market for further sale of shares to institutions, small investors and employees thereby bringing down its holding to 26%. The Commission also recommended that there should be an on-going review of the situation and the Government may disinvest its balance equity of 26% in full in favour  of investors in the domestic market at the appropriate time. The Commission had recommended the appointment of a Financial Advisor to undertake a proper valuation of the company and to conduct the sale process. The Commission had categorised BALCO as a non-core group industry. The Chairman of the Disinvestment Commission wrote a letter dated 12th June, 1998 to the Secretary, Ministry of Mines, Government on India drawing the Government’s attention to the recommendation of the Commission for sale of 40% of equity in BALCO and to bringing down of the Government holding to 26% within two years. This letter then referred to the 5th Report of the Commission wherein it had reviewed the question of strategic sale and had suggested that the Government may keep its shareholding below the level of investment being offered by the strategic buyer and its divesting some portion of equity to other entities. This letter noted that in these circumstances, it may be difficult to get in a multilateral financial institution to act fast in  taking up share of BALCO. The Chairman of the Commission then recommended that â€Å"in keeping with the spirit of the recommendations of the 5th Report, you may now kindly consider offering 51% or more to the strategic buyer along with transfer of management. This sale will enable a smooth transaction with the participation of more bidders and better price for the shares. This will also be in keeping with the current policy as announced by the FM in his recent budget speech†. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs had, in the meantime, in September 1997 granted approval for appointment of a technical and financial advisor, selected through a competitive process, for managing the strategic sale and restructuring of BALCO. Global advertisement was then issued inviting from interested parties Expression of Interest for selection as a Global Advisor. The advertisement was published in four financial papers in India and also in ‘The Economist’, a renowned financial magazine published abroad. Eight Merchant Banks showed their interest in appointment of the Global Advisor. The lowest bid of M/s. Jardine Fleming Securities India Ltd. was accepted and approved by the Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment on 9th March, 1999. The Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment also approved the proposal of strategic sale of 51% equity in respect of BALCO. The decision of the Government to the aforesaid strategic sale was challenged by the BALCO Employees’ Union by filing Writ Petition No. 2249 of 1999 in the High Court of Delhi. This petition was disposed of by the High Court vide its order dated 3rd August, 1999. On 3rd March, 2000, the Union Cabinet approved the Ministry of Mines’ proposal to reduce the share capital of BALCO from Rs.488.8 crores to Rs.244.4 crores. This resulted in cash flow of Rs.244.4 crores to the Union Government in the Financial Year 1999-2000. A formal Agreement between Jardine Fleming, the Global Advisor and the Government of India was executed on 14th June, 2000. The Scope of work of the Global Advisor, inter alia, included the development, updating and review of a list of potential buyers of the stake; preparing necessary documents; assisting the Government of India in sale negotiations with potential buyers and to advise on the sale price; to coordinate and monitor the progress of the transaction until its completion. Thereafter, on 16th  June, 2000 the Global Advisor, on behalf of the Government of India, issued an advertisement calling for â€Å"Expression of Interest† in leading journals and newspapers such as the Economist, London, the Mining Journal, London, the Economic Times, India, Business Standard, India and the Financial Express, India. The invitation was to Companies and Joint Ventures which may be interested in acquiring 51% shares of the Government of India in BALCO. The last date for submitting the expression of interest was 30th June, 2000 and the interested companies were required to submit their expression of interest together with their Audited Annual Reports and a profile describing their business and operations. Eight companies submitted their Expression of Interest. These companies were as follows: â€Å"i. Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. ii. Hindalco Industries Ltd. iii. Tranex Holding Inc. iv. Indian Minerals Corporation Plc. v. VAW Aluminium AG, Germany vi. ALCOA, USA vii. Sibirsky, Russia viii. MALCO† M/s. Jardine Fleming, Global Advisor made an analysis of the various bids on the basis of the financial and technical capability, familiarity with India and overall credibility. Thereupon two companies, namely, Indian Minerals Corporation Plc. and Tranex Holding Inc. were rejected. The Inter-Ministerial Group (hereinafter referred to as IMG) set up by the Union of India, accepted the expression of interest of six out of eight parties and it also decided that the bids of Sterlite and MALCO be treated as one. Thus there remained five prospective bidders but two, namely, VAW Aluminium AG, Germany and Sibirsky, Russia dropped out and the remaining three, namely, ALCOA, USA Hindalco and Sterlite conducted due diligence (inspection) on BALCO between September to December, 2000. The IMG considered the drafts of the Shareholders’ Agreement and the Share Purchase  Agreement and had discussions with three prospective bidders and ultimately the said drafts were finalised on 11th Januar y, 2001. For the purpose of carrying out the asset valuation of BALCO, the Global Advisor shortlisted four parties from the list of Registered Government Valuers approved by the Income-Tax Department. On 18th January, 2001, BALCO invited quotations from the four Registered Valuers, so short listed, and the quotation of Shri P. V. Rao was accepted. Shri P. V. Rao was a registered valuer of immovable property and his team mates were Government Registered Valuers authorised to value plant and machinery. They were assisted in the work of valuation by officers of the Indian Bureau of Mines for assessing the values of existing mines. Pending the receipt of the valuation report from Shri P. V. Rao, the Global Advisor on 8th February, 2001 requested the three bidders to submit their financial bids alongwith other necessary documents by 15th February, 2001, which was later extended by one day. On 14th February, 2001 Shri P. V. Rao submitted his asset valuation report to M/s. Jardine Fleming. On 15th February, 2001, an Evaluation Committee headed by the Additional Secretary (Mines) was constituted. This Committee was required to fix the reserve price of 51% equity of BALCO which was to be sold to the strategic party. The three contenders, namely, Alcoa, Hindalco and Sterlite Industries Ltd. submitted their sealed bids to the Secretary (Mines) and Secretary (Disinvestment) on 16th February, 2001. It is thereafter, that M/s. Jardine Fleming presented its valuation report together with the asset valuation done by Shri P. V. Rao to the Evaluation Committee to work out the reserve price. The range of valuation of BALCO that emerged on various methodologies was as follows:- (i) Discounted Cash Flow – Rs. 651.2 – 994.7 crores (ii) Comparables – Rs. 587 – 909 cores (iii) Balance Sheet – Rs. 597.2 – 681.9 crores Thus, the range of valuation by all these methods came between Rs.587 and Rs.995 crores for 100% of the equity. Ipso facto, for 51% of the equity, the range of valuation came out as Rs.300 to Rs.507 crores. The Evaluation Committee then deliberated on the various methodologies and concluded, as  per the affidavit of the Union of India, that the most appropriate methodology for valuing the shares of a running business of BALCO would be the Discounted Cash Flow method. It decided to add a control premium of 25% on the base value of equity (although the Advisor had viewed that the premium should range between 10-15%) and then add the value of non-core assets to arrive at a valuation of Rs.1008.6 crores for the company as a whole, 51% of which amounts of Rs.514.4 crores which was fixed as the Reserve Price. According to the respondents, the Evaluation Committee felt that Asset Valuation Report appeared to have over valued the fixed assets of the company at Rs.1072.2 crores. The committee further observed that the fixed asset valuation method was only a good indicator of the value that could be realised if the business was to be liquidated, rather than for valuing the business as a going concern. Furthermore, the asset valuation method did not take into  account the liabilities and contingent liability that go with the business. When the financial bids were opened, it was found that the bid of Sterlite Industries was the highest at Rs.551.5 crores, the bid of Hindalco was Rs.275 crores while ALCOA had opted out. The report of the Evaluation Committee for acceptance of the bid which was higher than the reserve price was considered by the IMG which recommended the acceptance of the bid of Sterlite Industries to the core group of Secretaries. This core group in turn made its recommendation to the Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment which on 21st February, 2001 approved/accepted the bid of Sterlite Industries at Rs.551.5 crores. The Government’s decision was communicated to Sterlite Industries on that date. The announcement of the decision to accept the bid of Sterlite Industries led to the initiation of legal proceedings challenging the said decision. On 23rd February, 2001 Dr. B. L. Wadhera filed Civil Writ Petition No. 1262 of 2001 in the Delhi High Court. This was followed by Writ Petition No. 1280 of 2001 filed by the employees of BALCO on 24th February, 2001 also in the High Court of Delhi. On that very date, i.e., on 24th February, 2001 another employee of BALCO, namely, Mr. Samund Singh Kanwar filed Civil Writ Petition No. 241 of 2001 in the High Court of Chhattisgarh. While the aforesaid writ petitions were pending there was a Calling Attention Motion on Disinvestment with regard to BALCO in  the Rajya Sabha. Discussions on the said motion took place in the Rajya Sabha on 27th February, 2001 and the matter was discussed in the Lok Sabha on 1st March, 2001. The motion â€Å"that this House disapproves the proposed disinvestment of Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd.† was defeated in the Lok Sabha by 239 votes to 119 votes. Soon thereafter on 2nd March, 2001, Shareholders Agreement and Share Purchase Agreement between the Government of India and Sterlite Industries Limited were signed. Pursuant to the execution of sale, 51% of the equity was transferred to Sterlite Industries Limited and a cheque for Rs.551.5 crores was received. It is not necessary to refer to the terms of the agreement in any great detail except to notice a few clauses which pertain to safeguarding the interest of the employees of the company. Clauses H and J of the preamble reads as follows : â€Å"H. Subject to Clause 7.2, the Parties envision that all employees of the Company on the date hereof shall continue in the employment of the Company. J. The SP recognises that the Government in relation to its employment policies follows certain principles for the benefit of the members of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes, physically handicapped persons and other socially disadvantaged categories of the society. The SP shall use its best efforts to cause the Company to provide adequate job opportunities for such persons. Further, in the event of any reduction in the strength of the employees of the Company, the SP shall use its best efforts to ensure that the physically handicapped persons are retrenched at the end.† Clause 7.2 which contains the Representations, Warranties and Covenants of M/s. Sterlite Industries is as follows: â€Å"The SP represents and warrants to and covenants with each of the Government and the Company that: (a) it has been duly incorporated or created and is validly subsisting and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction indicated in the preamble to this Agreement; (b) it has the corporate power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement; (c) this Agreement has been duly authorised, executed and delivered by it and constitutes a valid and binding obligation enforceable against it in accordance with its terms; (d) it is not a party to, bound or affected by or subject to any indenture,  mortgage, lease agreement, instrument, charter or by-law provision, statute, regulation, judgment, decree or law which would be violated, contravened, breached by or under which default would occur or under which any payment or repayment would be accelerated as a result of the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of any of the transactions provided for in this Agreement. (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, it shall not retrench any part of the labour force of the Company for a period of one (1) year from the Closing Date other than any dismissal or termination of employees of the Company from their employment in accordance with the applicable staff regulations and standing orders of the Company or applicable Law; and (f) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, but subject to sub-clause (e) above, any restructuring of the labour force of the Company shall be implemented in the manner recommended by the Board and in accordance with all applicable laws. (g) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, but subject sub-clause (e) above, in the event of any reduction of the strength of the Company’s employees the SP shall ensure that the Company offers its employees, an option to voluntarily retire on terms that are not, in any manner, less favourable than the  voluntary retirement sch eme offered by the Company which is referred to in Schedule 7.4 of the Share Purchase Agreement; and (h) It shall vote all the voting equity shares of the Company, directly or indirectly, held by it to ensure that all provisions of this Agreement, to the extent required, are incorporated in the Company’s articles of association.† With the filing of the writ petitions in the High Court of Delhi and in the High Court of Chhattisgarh, an application for transfer of the petitions was filed by the Union of India in this Court. After the notices were issued, the company received various notices from the authorities in Chhattisgarh for alleged beach of various provisions of the M. P. Land Revenue Code and the Mining Concession Rules. Some of the notices were not only addressed to the company but also to individuals alleging violation of the provisions of the code and the rules as also encroachment having taken place on Government land by BALCO. This led to the filing of the Write Petition No. 194 by BALCO in this court, inter alia, challenging the validity of the said notices. During the  pendancy of the writ petition, the workers of the company went on strike on 3rd March, 2001. Some interim orders were passed in the transfer petition and subsequently on 9th May, 2001 the strike was called off. By Order dated 9th April, 2001, the writ petitions which were pending in the High Court of Delhi and Chhattisgarh were transferred to this Court being Transfer Case No. 8 of 2001 which pertains to the writ petition filed by BALCO Employees’ Union; Transfer Case No. 9 of 2001 pertains to the writ petition filed by Dr. B. L. Wadhera in the Delhi High Court and Transfer Case No. 10 of  2001 is the writ petition filed by Mr. Samund Singh Kanwar in the High Court of Chhattisgarh. On behalf of the BALCO Employees’ Union, Shri Dipankar P. Gupta, learned senior counsel submitted that the workmen have been adversely affecte d by the decision of the Government of India to disinvest 51% of the shares in BALCO in favour of a private party. He contended that before disinvestment, the entire paid-up capital of BALCO was owned and controlled by the Government of India and it’s administrative control co-vested in the Ministry of Mines. BALCO was, therefore, a State within the meaning of Articles 12 of the Constitution. Reliance for this was placed on Ajay Hasia and Others vs. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi and Others, (1981) 1 SCC 722; Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited and Another Vs. Brojo Nath Ganguly and Another, (1986) 3 SCC 156. He also contended that by reason of disinvestment the workmen have lost their rights and protection under Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. This is an adverse civil consequence and, therefore, they had a right to be heard before and during the process of disinvestment. The type of consultation with the workmen which was necessary, according to Shri Dipankar P. Gupta, was whether BALCO should go through the process of disinvestment; who should be the strategic partner; and how should the bid of the strategic partner be evaluated. Referring to the averment of Union of India to the effect that interest of the employees has been protected, Shri Dipankar P. Gupta, submitted that in fact there was no effective protection of the workmen’s interest in  the process of disinvestment. He further submitted that the workmen have reason to believe that apart from the sale of 51% of the shares in favour of Sterlite Industries the Agreement postulates that balance 49% will also be  sold to them with the result that when normally in such cases 5% of the shares are disinvested in favour of the employees the same would not happen in the present case. Reliance was placed on the decision of National Textile Workers’ Union and Others vs. P.R. Ramakrishnan and others, (1983) 1 SCC 228 and it was also contended that even though there may be no loss of jobs in the present case but the taking away of the right or protection of Articles 14 and 16 is the civil consequence and, therefore, the workmen have a right to be heard. It was submitted that such rights and benefits are both procedural as well as substantive. Procedural benefits and rights includes the right to approach High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution and this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution in the event of violation of any of their rights. This is a major advantage since it is a relatively swift method of redressal of grievances which would not be available to employees of private organisations. Instances were given of the substantive rights which flow from Articles 14 and 16 like, right to equality, equal pay for equal work, right to pension including the principle that there can be no discrimination in the matter of granting or withholding of pension vide Bharat Petroleum (Erstwhile Burmah Shell) Management Staff Pensioners vs. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. and Others, (1988) 3 SCC page 32), right to inquiry and reasons before dismissal etc. The aforesaid contentions of Shri Gupta were supported by Shri G. L. Sanghi and Shri Ranjit Kumar, senior counsel, appearing for some of the Unions who were interveners in the writ petition filed by BALCO Employees’ Union. He submitted that the workers should have been heard at different stages during the process of disinvestment, the manner in which views may be invited and evaluated by the Government; the method of evaluation; the factors to be taken into consideration and the choice of the strategic partner; the terms and conditions under which the strategic partner will take over the employment of the workers and the terms and conditions of the Share Holders Agreement are the stages in which the workers should have been heard and consulted. It was submitted that the decision of the Delhi High Court of 3rd August, 1999 does not come in the way of these contentions being raised inasmuch as the petition at that time was regarded as premature and the order which was passed actually preserves the workers’ rights to raise the  contention in future. Reiterating these contentions Shri Ravindra Shrivastava, learned Advocate General, State of Chhattisgarh submitted that the State does not challenge the policy of disinvestment per se on principle as a measure of socio-economic reform and for industrial well being in the country. He however, contended that the implementation of the policy of disinvestment in the present case, has failed to evolve a comprehensive package of socio-economic and political reform and to structure the decision making process so as to achieve in a just, fair and reasonable manner, the ultimate goal of the policy and that the interest  of the workers in the industrial sector cannot be undermined and, therefore, any decision which was likely to affect the interest of the workers and employees as a class as a whole cannot and ought not to be taken to the exclusion of such class, lest it may be counter productive. He contended that the Disinvestment Commission had recommended that some percentage of equity share may be offered to the workers to solicit their participation in the enterprise and which would go a long way in proving the disinvestment plan meaningful and successful. In this regard, it was not shown from any material or record that the Government of India had at any stage addressed itself to this vital aspect of the disinvestment process or had taken into consideration the likely repercussions on the interest, right and status of the employees and workers. This non-consideration indicates that there has been an arbitrariness in not taking into consideration relevant facts in the decision making process. It is further contended that the impugned decision defeats the provisions of the M.P. Land Revenue Code and goes against the fundamental basis on which the land was acquired and allotted to the company. Implicit in the submissions on behalf of the employees is the challenge to the decision to disinvest majority of the shares of BALCO in favour of Sterlite Industries Limited. The first question, therefore, which would arise for consideration, is whether such a decision is amenable to judicial review and if so within what parameters and to what extent. On behalf of the Union of India, the Attorney General submitted that since 1990-91 successive Governments have gone in for disinvestment. Disinvestment had become imperative both in the case of Centre and the States primarily  for three reasons. Firstly, despite every effort the rate of returns of governmental enterprises had been woefully low, excluding the sectors in which government have a monopoly and for which they can, therefore, charge any price. The rate of return on central enterprises came to minus 4% while the cost at which the government borrows money is at the rate of 10 to 11%. In the States out of 946 State level enterprises, about 241 were not working at all; about 551 were making losses and 100 were reported not to be submitting their accounts at all. Secondly, neither the Centre nor the States have resources to sustain enterprises that are not able to stand on their own in the new environment of intense competition. Thirdly, despite repeated efforts it was not possible to change the work culture of governmental enterprises. As a result, even the strongest among them have been sinking into increasing difficulties as the environment is more and more competitive and technological change has become faster. In support, the Solicitor General submitted that the challenge to the decision to disinvest on the ground that it impairs public interest, or that it was without any need to disinvest, or that it was inconsistent with the decision of the Disinvestment Commission was untenable.